Rappelling And Ascending Essays - Types Of Climbing, Prusik, Rope

Rappelling And Ascending Rappelling and Ascending Climbing, dropping and rope salvage are exceptionally elating wellsprings of amusement and salvage while simultaneously amazingly muddled. This short history of the long and consistently adjusting history of rope climbing and salvage is intriguing. The accompanying article will give data on how and why individuals do this on their available time for amusement purposes. There are numerous kinds of devices and gear utilized in rope salvage for the entirety of its requesting undertakings. Numerous bunches are created and utilized for wellbeing purposes. Numerous aptitudes are should have been a decent climber. Security is consistently the essential worry of a climber or rescuer. Rope salvage is a significant zone in the present salvage world. Yesterday's hemp snag has advanced into an enthusiastic game for a few and a perilous profession for other people. The historical backdrop of rope can be followed back to as ahead of schedule as ancient times. ?Rope, an adaptable line made of filaments or wires wound or interlaced together for elasticity.? From the outset rope was contorted by hand. The Egyptians utilized instruments to make rope from papyrus and calfskin, however hemp was the standard for rope until the 19TH century when Manila hemp supplanted it. It was not until the 1950's when manufactured rope was presented. There is a huge contrast among characteristic and engineered ropes. There are a couple of various kinds of climbing, for example, high climbing, ice climbing and rock climbing. All through the world there are people who travel to outlandish mountains for one reason just, to arrive at the culmination. For whatever length of time that time can tell, individuals have had a voracious hunger for rush and energy. I figure different games would battle to contend with the thrill and risk of rappelling and rising. Numerous individuals have made a definitive penance to investigate their fantasies on the absolute most indulgent mountains here on Earth. Mount Everest is the most noteworthy mountain on Earth and a definitive mountain for daredevil. Rope salvage has such a significant number of different errands, which need specific apparatuses and hardware. The climber should initially comprehend the idea of the move to precisely bring the correct apparatuses and none of an inappropriate ones, since additional weight is definitely not an extravagance around here. The figure eight is a stationary bit critical for climbing. It takes into consideration a moderate controlled plunge by utilizing the ropes own powers and weights to give the client the capacity of a full scope of paces from a stand-still to free fall. This is a fun and helpful gadget. The carabineer is a significant structure to somebody on rope. It is a metal piece that interfaces equipment together. It a carabineer breaks, the individual falls. Have you at any point heard ?a chain is just as solid as its most vulnerable connection A bridle is best depicted as some shorts developed of nylon that fits around the individual to help him and interface him to the hardware . There are three classes of outfits, each having separate scopes of movement permitted. They are likewise incredibly awkward. Rope is a conspicuous must for rope climbing. There are various sorts of ropes that are foreordained by the idea of the utilization. A few ropes ricochet and some are water repellent for salvage circumstances, for example, floods. Rising requires an ascender. Most favored is a mechanical ascender, which permits the climber to just stand up on his prussic and slide the ascender up. The ascender at that point secures set up permitting the climber to plunk down and move his prussic up. Rehashing this circumstance brings about vertical development. Bunches are nearly as tremendous as grains of sand on the sea shore; some are simply more helpful than other. Bunches are in a couple of various classes. They are made of numerous materials and are utilized to lift, grapple, append, pull, stop and numerous different things. One such classification is hitches, which ou ght to never be tied around a patient or anything defenseless against pressure because of the way that hitches get more tight more weight is applied. A butterfly hitch is primarily used to convey apparatuses. It is additionally simple to recall because of its distinct name. A prussic tie is utilized to grasp rope

Regulation of Smoking in US Public Housing

Guideline of Smoking in US Public Housing Sudhakar Ponugoti Theoretical This approach choice contains numerous critical general wellbeing recommendations, given the difficulty of having smoke in multiunit lodging. Around 7 million individuals in United States are remains out in the open lodging, among 10 units 4 units controlled by families with kids. The reaction of Residents is next to no when they are available to tobacco smoke; additionally, arrangement and readiness among this area are evolving In the ongoing years, because of expanded customer request and raised wellbeing concerns lead landowners made their lodging units smoke free. What's more minor number of nearby bodies has restricted smoking in multifamily private structures. Anyway arrangements of no smoking are uncommon openly lodging. Till now just 140 PHAs around the nation which tallies of just 4% of the all out PHAs have expressed that they had restricted smoking out in the open lodging which they had embraced Techniques: By alluding the distributions identified with guideline of open lodging in U.S and diary of the New England diary of medication †â€Å"Regulation of Smoking in Public Housing† Through alluding distributers â€like smoking-end/wellbeing impacts used smoke and Diary of the New England diary of medication Watchwords: non-smokers, recycled smokers the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) ,Public Housing Authorities (PHAs),health issue Reason: The fundamental motivation behind these research papers is about the guideline of smoking out in the open lodging in U.S which is making a few wellbeing suggestions non-smokers and the means taken by us national government Presentation: Impacts of recycled smoke: Breathing the smoke that inhaled out from the cigarette by a smoker is just about proportional entirety When you take in the smoke that originates from the finish of a lit cigarette, belvedere, or channel (side stream smoke) or the smoke that is inhaled out by a smoker (standard smoke), youre taking in for all intents and purposes indistinguishable proportion of synthetic compounds from the smoker takes in. the smoke from tobacco holds in excess of 4,000 unmistakable compound gases, among them 50 are known to be cause ailment. These are just two or three the synthetic substances that goes into your lungs when you are introduced to recycled smoke †¢Hydrogen cyanide a poisonous gas used inside engineered weapons and irritation control †¢Benzene a piece of gas †¢Formaldehyde an invention used to treat corpses †¢Carbon monoxide an unsafe gas (WebMD, 2014). In 2006 the report by wellbeing specialist avowed that pre-owned smoking (moreover called programmed or latent smoking) can prompts passing, and it contemplated that no part recycled smoke is sheltered and acceptable. Most presentation to second smoke drives body progressively vulnerable to more maladies. In Americans around 126 million nonsmoking individuals are available to used smoke at work and home. In U.S consistently very nearly 50,000 passings in grown-up nonsmokers are caused as a result of recycled smoke. Lung malignant growth pandemic expanded by 20% to 30% in nonsmokers and coronary illness by 25% to 30% when they breathe in the used smoke. It is assessed that 3,000 passings every year in nonsmokers are because of lung sicknesses as a result of used smoke in nonsmokers Consistently About 46000 of nonsmokers bite the dust with coronary illness in light of who living with smokers. Around 300,000 kids who are underneath the age of year and a half experience the ill effects of used smoke; 7,500 to 15,000 of them must be analyzed (NCBI, 2010). Used smoke shows an incredible effect on wellbeing of on nonsmokers, chiefly like malignancy and coronary illness Malignancy Malignancy is the noteworthy and winning plague which is of fundamental focus caused because of presentation to recycled smoke. Among this Lung disease is generally overall because of the impact of recycled smoke presentation and this answerable for the reason for bosom malignant growth, cervical malignancy and various kinds of disease, Coronary illness Most recent research shows that even 10 minutes of introduction to recycled smoke cause harm to hearth and breathing issues. Because of smoking propensity the platelets in the blood gets influenced seriously that they become progressively stickier and makes the supply routes stop up the blood and may prompts heart stroke.69% of higher danger of coronary illness has been recorded in ladies in most recent research and 56% higher danger of stroke when contrasted with the individuals who are not uncovered. Kids and Second-hand Smoke: Kids are for the most part vulnerable with the impacts which are brought about by recycled smoke in light of the fact that their bodies are so delicate and as yet creating and they inhale quicker rate than grown-ups. These conditions related with recycled smoke in kids: †¢Sudden baby passing disorder (SIDS) †¢Increased number of respiratory contaminations †¢More extreme and continuous asthma assaults †¢Ear contaminations †¢Chronic hack Smoking by pregnant woman prompts twisting of infant inside. Now and again it might prompts unexpected labor, low birth weight, SIDS, mental hindrance, learning issues, and consideration shortage hyperactivity issue (ADHD). More the smoking by the mother more noteworthy the hazard to unborn. (WebMD, 2014). Writing survey: This paper for the most part surveys the evaluative writing on strategies and different obstructions intended to forestall smoking out in the open lodging. I began about the suggestions that are identified with smoking especially who it impacts the non-smokers. At that point depicted the approaches which are embraced by U.S government in controlling the smoking in broad daylight lodging. The accompanying headings were utilized: ramifications of strength of presentation to tobacco smoke in private structures, smoke free house and option to smoke. At last, in this audit, we offer a few proposals with respect to the issue.. Ramifications of strength of introduction to tobacco smoke in private structure: In excess of 250 noxious metals, synthetic concoctions have been distinguished in tobacco smoke by national toxicological program (NTP) among them 11 are of class A cancer-causing agents. Numerous epidemiologic investigations had demonstrated non-smokers can be affected to lung malignancy and cardiovascular sickness when they open to tobacco smoke. The top health spokesperson had announced that there is no viewed as protected degree of presentation. The less introduction to tobacco smoke can likewise impact the non-smokers. Especially the maturing individuals and incapacitated individuals with heart or pneumonic capacity increasingly inclined to tobacco smoke The rates and earnestness of asthma and other respiratory sicknesses, and furthermore the pace of unexpected infant kid passing disorder, are extended around kids presented to tobacco smoke.in a multiunit building a solitary individual who smokes in his unit putting different units individuals in danger. The tobacco smoke can be spread through air, splits in the divider and floors to different units of the floor. Strange measures of tobacco toxins can hang on in the indoor condition long after the hour of dynamic smoking †a display known as third-hand smoke. Tobacco harms are coursed as unusual blends and airborne particulate issue that are put away on indoor surfaces and reemitted noticeable all around over a period of days to years. In families in which at least one people smoke, the pee levels of the tobacco-specific malignant growth causing specialist nicotine-gathered nitrosamine ketone (NNK) are dependably higher in babies than in non-smoking adults, speaking to either a differential response to a similar toxic substance load or extended introduction of children through closer contact with smoke-contaminated mats, furniture, garments, and floors’. Tobacco-smoke presentation out in the open lodging is a significant issue since it influences poor people and feeble masses. In 2008â€2009, 32% of families in broad daylight lodging included older people, 35% included debilitated people, and 41% included children. The mean yearly pay of nuclear families out in the open lodging all through this period was $13,289. Adolescents who lives out in the open lodging are perceived to be at high risk for the experimentation of cigarettes at their beginning periods. No-smoking runs in homes have been associated with liberally diminished degrees of biochemical markers of tobacco introduction and okay of wellbeing around non-smokers. Such methodologies can moreover engage smoking discontinuance around nuclear family individuals, dishearten the beginning of smoking by youths, and reduce the pace of house flares (Jonathan.p, 2014). Place of smoke free and option to smoke: Private Managers of multiunit private structures are beginning to respond to advertise intrigue and the chance of diminished costs by grasping no-smoking courses of action. Study discoveries show that inhabitants are every now and again disturbed by tobacco smoke and that four out of five non-smokers may lean toward a sans smoke building strategy. In Chicago a 440 unit tall development is the first in that city to confine smoking in all units, fundamental reaches, and outside spaces. In Oregon, a huge property-organization association has built up no-smoking strategies for something like 8000 units. Some local governments have restricted smoking in multiunit homes concerning private ventures. Three California urban regions starting late endorsed laws blocking smoking in a few or all units of multiunit private lodging. Since 2006, around twelve different gatherings have discussed whether to drive smoking restrictions that may impact multiunit homes. In 1997, the Utah lawmaking body passed a law unequivocally permitting owners to blacklist smoking in private units. Despite the documented dangers of tobacco-smoke introduction, these exercises are questionable. Pundits battle that not governments or landowners should meddle with inhabitants opportunity to smoke and that such confinements harm security rights. In any case, courts have held that the due-system arrangement of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.s. Constitution, which confines government impediment in singular opportunity and insurance,

No scissors allowed OrigaMIT

No scissors allowed OrigaMIT I am notorious for showing up at the right place at the wrong time. For instance, two weeks ago, I opened the door to room 3-343 expecting to attend 5.13 (Organic Chemistry II) office hours, but instead I found a room full of people doing origami (turns out I was an hour early.) The second surprise was seeing my former 2.005 (Thermal-Fluids Engineering) TA with his amazing origami creations (pictured below with his flying grasshopper). OrigaMIT, the origami club of MIT, meets once a week and is open to people of all levels. Jason Ku, the president of the club, is a sophomore majoring in Mechanical Engineering and Music, and the publicity chair (my former TA), Brian Chan, is a graduate student in Mechanical Engineering who also went to MIT for undergrad. Every week, they share their passion and expertise with a group of people of all ages; today Jason taught everyone how to make an origami butterfly: Brian folded a kraken attacking a Crawfordian sailing ship for the 2006 Origami Design Challenge. It is made from one 2 ft. by 2 ft. piece of paper and it took him three days to draw and two all-nighters to fold. Check out the little sailor being grabbed by the giant squid! Check out some of their other ridiculously intricate designs… Goliath beetle, Locust, and Locust nymph Rose: Brian started folding when he was eight years-old and now spends about 2-3 hours per day on his hobby. When he’s not designing, he does research in the Hatsopoulos Microfluids Laboratory, where he invented the Robosnail and Robostrider. Jason’s origami page can be found here. He also sings for the MIT Chamber Chorus and the Logarythms. Brian and Jason like to hold mini-competitions with each other For example, Brian’s shrimp is on the left and Jason’s is on the right. Who do you think wins? (Granted…these pictures don’t really do them justice.) Intrigued? Come to their meetings or see the MIT Origami Competition on October 27th, more details here: http://web.mit.edu/spair/origami.html If youre not in the Boston area, Brian recommends learning from Robert Lang or John Montrolls origami books.

Essay on Gay Marriage - 1616 Words

Gay marriage is a very talked about topic in are country that shouldn’t be ignored. I believe men and women should be able to love freely and not be shamed by it. Marriage is a great factor in the United States. To some people it’s what we live for; is to get married and start a family. To not give everyone the same opportunity to have a happy marriage and family is unlike us. This problem is bringing a lot of hate, the same hate that was used in racial discrimination so why not give gays equal rights like everyone else. Andrew Sullivan wrote a article that shares his experiences of coming out and being accepted. When puberty hit he started to realize he wasn’t the same. He knew that his marriage is not going to be the same as his†¦show more content†¦You would think it would have been more of shock but it wasn’t. We kind of had a feeling that he was. It made are family closer in a way. My brother does want to get married some day. When he does h e hopes he can get married in the state where he group up in California (Horton). Same-sex marriage and straight marriage do not have the same rights. Same-sex couples are denied equal access to civil marriage. If same-sex couples enter a civil union they are denied equal access to all the benefits, rights, and privileges provided federal law to married couples. Being denied to all these rights they should have may harm people who also experienced discrimination based on age, race, ethnicity, gender, and religion. The APA (American Psychological Association) believes it is unfair to discriminate and deny same-sex couples legal access to civil marriage and all of the benefits, rights and privileges. (Wikipedia) Marriage provides both physical and psychological health benefits and banning gay marriage increases rates of psychological disorders. The American Journal of Public Health found that after their states had banned gay marriage they had a 37% increase in mood disorders, a 42% increase in alcohol- use disorders, and a 48% increase in generalized anxiety disorders. Banning gay marriage is against the constitution. It’s protected by Constitutions commitments to liberty and equality. The US supreme court ruled in 1974s Cleveland Board ofShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Should Be Legal Essay1850 Words   |  8 Pageswhat it means to be a gay man – even if that is not the language that always would be used to describe homosexual behavior in a given place and time. In the United States, gay marriage has been legalized in all 50 states by a federal court ruling, but many Americans do not realize that there is still a long way to go in terms of embracing gay citizens (and the rest of the LGBT community) into the â€Å" societal norm.† Despite the strides that have been taken to legalize marriage for same sex couples,Read MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1848 Words   |  8 Pageswholly ashamed of. Gay marriage is legal in all 50 United States, s omething that has been fought for since the conception of the LGBT movement. In fact, gay couples are routinely being featured on popular television and other forms of media. Some might say that in 2016, the dreams of the rioters in Stonewall have been realized. Marriage rights and the spotlight on nighttime television; equality seems to truly be right on the horizon. If one is a white, cis, gay man, that is. Gay women are featuresRead MoreThe Supreme Court Ruling On Gay Marriages893 Words   |  4 PagesIts time for me to share my opinion and perspective regarding the Supreme Court ruling on gay marriages. Forewarning, this post will be long because I have more than just an opinion to express, but rather a story to tell which will enlighten anyone who chooses to read this as to what my true perspective and opinion regarding gay marriages. (and gay people in general as a Christian) A few months ago I faced a difficult time in my life. I was homeless and I had nowhere to stay with my newborn babyRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Accepted And Respected932 Words   |  4 Pagesopen-minded. The rise in the LGTB movement has allowed people to openly express their sexuality without being discriminated against. Although homosexuality has become more socially acceptable, some states still have anti-gay laws and there are numerous individuals who believe that gay marriage is harmful and unnatural. Hozier’s â€Å"Take Me to Church,† Demi Lovato’s â€Å"Really Don’t Care† and Macklemore’s â€Å"Same Love† demonstrate society’s discrimination of homosexuals and why homosexuality should be accepted andRead MoreThe Tragedy of Gay Marriage1757 Words   |  8 PagesWorst Thing About Gay Marriage† presents an interesting argument against gay marriage that hinges upon maintaining a traditional form of marriage. He act ually claims that gay marriage is â€Å"unnecessary†(381). According to Schulman, there are 4 primary effects of marriage within his definition he calls the kinship system. First, marriage protects and controls a woman’s sexuality. Second, the possible pairings are limited by the kinship system to avoid incest or other taboos. Third, marriage creates a situationRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay Marriage1464 Words   |  6 Pages Marriage is one of the oldest, passed down traditions since the beginning of time. As humanity evolves through generations, traditions change, but the act of choosing your partner stays the same. For an example, not until President Barack Obama was in office, gay marriage was unacceptable. When President Obama announced that gay marriage was legal, that was a moment in history that will never be forgotten. The process of marriage continues to be the same, but each generation has been going outRead MoreGay Marriage And Gay Rights2550 Words   |  11 PagesComp II 8 May, 2015 Gay Marriage and Gay Rights For years there has been a debate on gay marriage and gay rights in America. Often government keeps pushing the issue back, or refuses to partake in the debates and discussions on whether or not this type of union is â€Å"legal† in the United States. My hope with this paper is to prove that gay marriage is not in fact unconstitutional, but that there is a right to freedom for everyone, no exclusions. When it comes to gay marriage, there seem to be a numberRead MoreThe Issue Of Gay Marriage Essay3392 Words   |  14 PagesWell it is 2007, and we are still dealing with the issue of gay marriage being good, and not good for America. Now maybe in 20 years gay marriage will be legal in each state, and this issue will be over. However, I deal in reality. And reality tells me the idea of two men frotting inside a home with children, frankly makes people sick to their stomachs. I prefer women, but I think what two grown people do in their bedrooms is their private moral, and legal business. Just like a straight couple thatRead MoreGay Marriage1280 Words   |  6 Pagesburrows, but flamboyantly celebrate their identities. The gays are now a people willing and ready to be heard. It has come to all of our attentions that in the light of marriage they have been depraved and deceived. Homosexuals cannot allow this persecution to continue, as they are constantly forfeited equal rights. The arguments are of lifestyle differences and the legalized discrimination of these people. It encompasses same-sex marriage as a cause worth fighting and defending so that we all mayRead MoreGay Marriage1041 Words   |  5 PagesCompare-Contrast Synthesis 10/11/2013 English 111x Gay Marriage Gay marriage is a topic that is heavily debated in this day and age. Whether or not it should be legal for homosexuals to get married is a theme that authors Andrew Sullivan, who wrote â€Å"For Gay Marriage† and William J. Bennett, who wrote â€Å"Against Gay Marriage† use in there articles. The main points the authors both discus is the meaning of marriage itself, the social impact same sex marriage will have on society, and the influence on children

Hunting and Gathering Essay - 2889 Words

Hunting and Gathering As a food procurement system, hunting and gathering, or foraging, seems to most of us Westerners a very primitive means of survival. Living in our rapidly developing and ultra-materialistic culture, it is easy to forget that simplicity can be good. Compared to our mass-producing industries and complex economies, we look at â€Å"exotic† foraging cultures and wonder how they can ever survive. When in fact, hunting and gathering has been the most reliable method of subsistence for human beings since the dawn of man, and has played an essential role in the evolution of Neanderthals to Homo sapiens (Bates, 1998: 44). Despite its longevity, foraging could not be utilized in most 20th century cultures due to such factors as†¦show more content†¦Even with this, many foraging cultures can obtain more resources than are needed for subsistence, the surplus of which can be traded between groups or with the industrial world for goods not otherwise available to them. Hunter-gather ers are neither primitive, nor completely isolated from more developed cultures. Many Alyawara men even own cars (O’Connell, 1987: 83). Though they are not completely isolated, they are also usually not constantly in contact with the other cultures. This and other ecological factors play an important role in maintaining their way of life. The Alyawara are an Arandic-speaking group who reside in Central Australia. They occupy much of the area surrounding the Sandover River, northeast of and adjacent to the Aranda territory. This area of mostly grassy plains has a generally warm and dry climate, with an average rainfall of about 250-300 mm. Traditionally, the Alyawara lived in small, widely-scattered groups with a few related families, totaling about 15-40 people. Their subsistence was once based entirely on hunting and gathering, which was perfectly suitable for groups with such a low population density. Throughout the past century, however, they have gradually shifted away from hunting and gathering as they assimilated more into the Euro-Australian economy. Their semi-permanent settlements are much the same as they were, though they now average about 90 people and up to as much asShow MoreRelated Hunting and Gathering vs. Agriculture Essay732 Words   |  3 Pagespopulation pressure, some people adopt agriculture to fulfill their need. This essay, will discuss the positive and negative aspects of life in hunting and gathering societies compared to the agricultural societies based on Martin Harris’ article â€Å"Murders in Eden† and Jared Diamond’s article â€Å"The Worst Mistake in the History of Human Race.† Hunting and gathering is the longest-lasting lifestyle for most of human history. In addition to their way of life, hunter-gatherers are often regarded as â€Å"nastyRead MoreThe Triumph of Food Production over Hunting and Gathering Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pages The human race was once completely dependent on hunting and gathering as its source for caloric intake. Today, this is not the case. We live in a society that is continuously becoming more global, and the large global population is being supported by modern food production. But what factors caused this switch to take place from hunting and gathering to food production? The main contributors over the last several thousand years include: the increase in calorie yield, the stability, and the benefitsRead MoreCanadian Inuit Traditional Way Of Hunting And Gathering Recourses1761 Words   |  8 PagesHow did the Canadian Inuit Traditional Way of Hunting and Gathering Recourses Provide Food and Eating Practises in the 19th Cent ury, and How did this Culturally Effect the Community? The Canadian Inuit were a domestic, tribal, egalitarian society in the 19th century. And some cultural changes occurred; making the Inuit adapt and become more aware of other resources they could get hold of, for gathering and hunting for food. In the 19th Century, the Europeans discovered the Inuit culture and thisRead MoreSubsistence Strategies From Four Discrete Categories : Hunting And Gathering Essay1896 Words   |  8 Pages I would like to address topic A, regarding the placement of subsistence strategies into four discrete categories: hunting and gathering (foraging), horticulture, pastoralism, and agriculture. While this quick categorization of human subsistence behavior has benefits to introduce these concepts, it falsely assumes that each behavior exists independently and ignores their location on a continuum, often blending from one strategy into the next. In this essay I will introduce each subsistence strategyRead MoreThe Hunters; Scarce Resources in the Kalahari Essay 1689 Words   |  7 PagesSouthern Africa are one of the few bands of hunter-gatherers left in the world. They survive by foraging for their meals while traveling, never settling in one specific area. Hunting and gathering was the primary mode of survival until about ten thousand years ago. Anthropologists have made assumptions about the hunting and gathering lifestyle of current populations because it seems like a precarious method of living. Moreover, the Kalahari area where the !Kung live in was perceived to be baron becauseRead MoreThe Importance Of Modern Civilization760 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion # 1 The Yanomamos have not developed Modern Civilization and still live in hunting gathering stage due to different factors such as population, their economy, political institutions religion, and education. The first factor is the population that includes the size and density of society. We can see that the rate of growth of the population is very low, which minimizes the increase of citizens. In hunting sharing societies, this is due in part to natural causes, but also because of culturalRead MoreWomen in the Paleolithic Period702 Words   |  3 Pages but for women, it became more and more difficult. Hunting and gathering society’s were most prevalent, although, later on the early formation of cities and larger community’s began to emerge. Ones job in the Paleolithic era would most likely consist of gathering food and protecting the small group he or she belonged to. Just surviving would have been a full time job in many of the harsh climates people inhabited. In the hunting and gathering community’s, social status was equal or close to equalRead MoreFood Gathering And Its Effects On The Environment Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesextreme habitats. Within the biosphere, many organisms adapt and survive in the environment they are born into or have migrated to. Human beings have a way of using different strategies and technology to help them live in their environment. Food gathering is a major factor of survival; one has to have the proper nutrients in order to be healthy within their settlement. Throughout the ages, populations have modified their previous strategies such as horticultural sciences to fit the appropriate needRead MoreEssay about Early Humans and the Environment907 Words   |  4 Pagesunintentionally, technologies that were either necessary for the continuation of life, or for the improved quality of life, thus changing the environment. Early humans lived by hunting and gathering, affecting their environment only minimally. There was a small human population that supported itself by hunting, gathering, and scavenging until about ten thousand years ago (Ponting 19). Ponting asserts that these early human groups lived in conjunction with the environment, planning their migrationRead MoreEconomic Behavior And Its Effects On Society1367 Words   |  6 Pageslive. These lifestyles can be as old as those our ancestors thousands of years ago had practiced, to the mechanized practices we see in 21st century Western societies. Communities can be categorized into one of four ‘types’ of societies (hunting and gathering, pastorial, horticultural, and industrial). The different ‘types’ of societies are organized by how the economies each community has functions using three fundamental elements of economic behavior. The first behavior of an economy is production

A Report on the Economic Recovery in Britain in the 1930s Free Essays

A report on the economic recovery in Britain in the 1930s In the 1930s Britain’s workers was experiencing signs of affluence. All this extra money was due to the living standard going up by 15 percent. This meant the money didn’t come from wages being increased but the cost of living decreased. We will write a custom essay sample on A Report on the Economic Recovery in Britain in the 1930s or any similar topic only for you Order Now Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The affluence also came from the gross domestic product rate. In 1922 to 1938 the rate rose to the average of 2. 1 percent per annum. The rates were a lot better than the years before the war which were at 1. 1 percent in 1900 to 1913. However, growth rates were very similar to the rates of the second half of the nineteenth century; this rate was at 2 percent in the 1856 to 1899. In the 1930s, the rate grew faster than the 1920s as between 1932 and 1937 the rate nearly rose to 4 percent per annum. This mean that Britain held her place and held on her own in the thirties which meant Britain picked herself up compared to the twenties when she lost her place. Housing Act The housing boom was just one of the ways that the affluence affected Britain. The housing act was also evidence of the affluence which could be seen for it. By 1939 one in three families were living in houses which were built since 1929. Between both wars a massive four million houses were built. However, nearly half of the houses were built by private developments. The private developments were growing mainly in the south east. All the houses were built with a new standard of living, even the other half of the houses built, which were council houses. The council houses were put up for rent. As all houses had a new standard of living, the fitments included baths, hot water and proper kitchen. Particularly in the private sector, the houses came to form the new suburbs. Each home would also have a garden of a decent size and quality. Motor Vehicles Motor vehicles were just one of the industries which led the way. This was even included in a new range of industries that emerged and played an important part in the growth of Britain. In fact in 1924 USA was the world’s main manufacturer by a wide margin. France was Europe’s largest producer with 145,000 vehicles, leaving Britain trailing along second with the 116,000 vehicles being produced. However, by 1937 British production had tripled to 379,000 and Britain took the lead in Europe, followed by Germany with 277,000. Oxford (Morris) and Birmingham (Austin) were the main manufacturing centres. Electrical engineering Electrical engineering grew at between 4 and 5 percent per annum throughout the inter-war period. Electrical engineering was just another new industry for Britain. In the 1930s electricity consumption increased by 70 percent per head. This was fire to the creation of the central electricity board in 1926 and the national grid. Both of these electricity supplies gave a boost to the industry. Britain and France led Europe and USA wasn’t far behind. Examples of the increase of consumption were that in 1919 there were 730,000 consumers and then in 1938 the number of consumers grew to nine million. Other developments grew and reflected the fact that more and more people were spending money, which meant they had money. Most towns would have their own Woolworths and Marks and Spencer’s and new magazines like ‘Woman’s Own’ in 1932. These new magazines appeared which included features on clothes and consumer durables. Wireless industry Wireless manufacturers created the British Broadcasting Corporation which is now known as the BBC in 1922. This was to provide programs that would encourage people to buy their products and spend. The BBC became part of the government charter which then started to be financed by a license fee in 1927. The BBC broadcasted to most areas of Britain but they were focused in Daventry in a radio station in 1925. By 1938 around 2 million radios were sold each year. This was known as wireless. The price had decreased from ? 30 in 1920 to around ? 7. Other electrical goods which found a mass market were vacuum cleaners and electric irons. Entertainment The cinema took the entertainment industry by a storm. In 1934 there were 4300 cinemas in Britain. 0 million people per week were attending the films on through the weeks. Audiences were huge, some cinemas were able to seat 1000 people, and some were as big as 4000 seats. The larger cinemas were based in Glasgow and Croydon. The four biggest companies which controlled the marker by the 1930s were Gaumont-British, the Associated British Picture Corpo ration, Odeon and Granda. Even though there was a British industry, American films were preferred. This was because Hollywood had already dominated the world’s film industry and audience surveys usually showed that American films were preferred. Even the unemployed could afford to go to the cinema as the tickets were so cheap. 80 percent of the unemployed youth of Liverpool and Glasgow went to the cinema at least once a week. An unemployed Londoner told a researcher in 1932, â€Å"The pictures (cinema) are my first choice because they make you think for a little while that life is alright†. At least 14 percent of British industrial production in 1924 had been accounted for by these new industries. This proportion increased to 20 percent by 1935. The proportion of the staple industries in the same period had decreased from 37 percent to 28 percent. How to cite A Report on the Economic Recovery in Britain in the 1930s, Papers

Case Study Solutions Blaine Kitchenware Essay Example

Case Study Solutions Blaine Kitchenware Paper Mr.. Dubbings the CEO since 1992 and great-grandson of one of the founders, successfully completed an PIP in 1994 and gradually moved the production abroad in the early ass. BIKE s current strategy is to complement its product offerings by acquiring small independent manufacturers or the kitchen appliance product lines of larger diversified manufacturers. The financial data at the end of 2006 reflects a strong financial position: The company has raised nearly no debt, it is very liquid, but also under-levered. BIG is one of the strongest companies in this industry in terms of EBITDA margin (22% in 2006), high level to cash holdings and no debt. However, the Shiite toward higher-end product line could not prevent the margins from a slight decline over the last three years. This was mainly explained by the integration costs and inventory write-downs due to the acquisitions completed so far, The other reason was that its organic revenue growth had suffered in recent years, as some of the core products lost market share. The growth of the top line was mainly due to the acquisitions. Bibs annual return on equity is significantly below that of its publicly traded peers: compared to an average of 25,g and a median of 19. 5 Now the over-liquid and under-levered BIG is facing strong pressure from a private equity group interested in buying the company ; s common stock. Thus, the CEO considers a stock repurchase to avoid a hostile takeover. The company decided to distribute all excess cash as a dividend. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Solutions Blaine Kitchenware specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Solutions Blaine Kitchenware specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study Solutions Blaine Kitchenware specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The second step will be the rationalization plan to hold permanently $ mm of debt on the balance sheet, which is a difficult decision due to the first sign of the mortgage crisis. Moreover, the company expects annual revenue decline of 4% in 2007-2009, and a permanent 2% growth rate afterwards. 2. METHODOLOGY AND VALUATION From a company ;5 perspective, the benefit of debt is the tax shields created, which are captured by equity holders. The family-controlled company in our case has little experience with holding debt and the board of directors might not easily accept the restructuring plan. What they should know is that the right amount of debt increases the firms value and discourages the takeovers. However, a too-high level of debt can lead to financial distress, lower credit rating. And higher interest expenses. For BIKE, the credit rating regressed from A (Iteration 1) to A- (Iteration 10), accordingly changing the credit spread from o 1. 65%. Our aim is to asses the how the proposed rationalization Will affect the enterprise value. After the distribution of the excess cash as dividends, by using APP. We estimate the present value of the firm as if it were all-equity financed (VIC), then we add the present value of tax shield associated with the new debt (permanent debt with market value of 300 ml ACIDS), and subtract the present value of bankruptcy costs. We have to estimate expected after-tax operating cash flows the expected tax shields and discount them at two different discount rates: (unaltered cost of UAPITA) and (usually , cost of debt), For the present value of the bankruptcy costs, we have to first estimate the risk-neutral probability of default of the company. FL = VIC IV (future tax shields from debt) -? IV (bankruptcy costs), or rewritten as threshold coverage ratio for default probability of firm default conditional on surviving up to a specified period We start with a forecast of expected after-tax operating cash flows. We assume the annual 4% decline in revenues between 2007 and 2009 from the 2006 level, and a permanent 2% growth afterwards. Analyzing the historical values of he operating margins from the Income Statement, we forecast values for the 2007-2009 period. The executives of BIG expect the firm to achieve operating margins at least as high as the historical ones. Thus, we took averages and slightly adjusted them toward higher values, Since the declining tendency in the last three years was cause by integration costs and inventory write- downs associated with acquisitions, which already have been completed. To the BIT, estimated by using those margins, subtract the taxes, Cape, adjust for Depreciation, Amortization and change in Working capital. The capital expenditures were just over $mm on average per year. Then we calculate their present value using the appropriate discount rate reflecting the risk, art (or rd)_ Poor the bankruptcy cost, we have the percentage of the unaltered-firm value of 20%, but for the present value, we need to estimate the risk-neutral probability of default q _ This probability is calculated iteratively starting from the coverage ratio (Bite-1 / Interest Expense). We match the coverage ratio number with the corresponding credit rating, Which then has a corresponding default. This gives us the yield on debt y, the cost of debt rd, and the risk-neutral probability of default q. The formula for q is where p is the recovery rate in case Of default, given here as 41 In order to lactate the expected interest coverage ratio, we took the average BIT between 2007 and 2009 for the mean of pre-tax cash flows, as well as the according standard deviation, since our estimation is future based. After iterations, the convergence values for the coverage ratio is 3. 54, which corresponds to a credit rating of A-. The credit spread for A- is 1. 65%. Yield on debt y Risk-free rate RFC Recovery probability if default p These give the values for: Risk-neutral probability of default q Cost of debt rd 6. 48% Finally, we combine the components of the APP formula to obtain the levered alee of the firm. According to the APP method, the levered value of ASK is FL mm. 2. SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION We can conclude that by raising debt to mm the company would be better of, since the value of the levered firm would be higher that the value of the unaltered firm and will discourage the takeovers. However, the sensitivity analysis gives us an optimal value of debt of mm, which would lead to an optimal ratio between the IV of tax shields and bankruptcy costs and, thus, a value of maximal levered firm of mm, given that our assumptions for APP will be realized in the future.

How to Write Management Term Paper Full Guide for Those in Need

How to Write Management Term Paper Full Guide for Those in Need Have no idea how to approach your challenging term paper in management? Writing term papers seems like a daunting task for many students who often prefer to put it up and, as a result, get bad grades on academic papers that otherwise would have got them easy A’s. Read our easy guide where we’ll walk you through the most important aspects of making an excellent term paper in management from the very beginning to the end. In this guide on how to write a management term paper, you’ll learn: approaches to choosing a good term paper topics; tips for organizing the structure of your management term paper; techniques for revising, editing, and proofreading your paper. Besides, we will provide you with interesting management term paper topic ideas. Let’s get started. What Is Management Term Paper? A term paper in management is actually a research paper that is written by students over the academic term and that accounts for a large part of the student grade. It is a major academic assignment in a course that discusses a certain topic in a detail and is several pages in length. Typically it is due at the end of the semester. You have to research information on a chosen topic, write a report about your findings, and present your own point of view on a specific problem. The format of your management term paper typically depends on the chosen topic – you can write it in the form of the scientific report or in the form of the literature review. The scientific report format typically includes Abstract – a brief description of your paper (about 150 words); Introduction – here you need to present an issue or a problem, give a literature review and describe findings and approaches; Methods that you used to search for data; Results – here you present your findings and explain how they help answer the research question; Discussion – in this section you need to summarize your findings and explain their significance. How to Choose a Great Management Term Paper Topic: A Few Sample Topics from Our Writers The first step in preparing to write a term paper in management is to choose a good topic. Of course, the main thing is to select a topic that is interesting to you. Make sure that your topic is broad enough so you can easily find enough sources when doing research. But if your topic is too broad, you can’t stay focused on your topic and your argument can be too vague. So in this case, you need to narrow your topic and make it manageable within your word limit to create a strong argument. You can make a list of keywords that describe your potential topic and search the internet for more ideas so you can modify or change your initial idea. For example, if the topic of your term paper is risk management in project management, you can search using such keywords as risk management, risk management process, risk management strategies, risk management definition etc. You can start research by using general-purpose reference books such as fact books and encyclopedias where you can find related terminology and suggestions for sub-topics. These books typically contain extensive bibliographies that can be very helpful. Reading such books can help you focus your research or stimulate additional questions. If you can’t decide what topic to pick and need some inspiration, have a look at our short list of interesting management term paper topics. Feel free to use them for writing your own term papers. Why Is Risk Management Important to Project Success? Conflict Management in Work Teams; Women Entrepreneurs Who Are Changing the World; Strategic Planning in Organizational Management; What Causes Small Businesses to Fail? Competency Requirements for an Effective Job Performance; Key Concepts of Information Security Management; Financial Management in Organizations; Strategic Workplace Management; Time Management in the Workplace: Ways to Improve Productivity; How to Create a Compelling Employee Value Proposition; Strategic Management in Large Organizations; Security Issues Facing Companies And Management; Top Challenges in Security Management; Key Activities to Build Employee Engagement. Find Suitable Sources for Your Management Term Paper You can use a large variety of information sources – books on management, authoritative newspapers, journal articles, and more. You can look for sources in the library and take advantage of a computer access system to find relevant books on the subject of your management term paper. Keep in mind that if you select a current topic, there may be few books available on it. In this case, you should rely on the articles in scholarly journals where you can find analyses and up-to-date information. Other sources of valuable information on contemporary business and management trends are reports of government agencies and committees. When looking for relevant primary and secondary sources, you should try to find answers to your research question. Besides, you should get organized and make notes about your sources using spreadsheets. You should include bibliographic information and page numbers if you plan to use the source for quotations. You can also use index cards for that. This way, you can easily find any source you need when you start writing and it will take less time to complete your reference page. Term Paper Writing Process You have spent a lot of time doing research and absorbing information on your topic. Now it’s time to come up with a good research question or a thesis statement. It will guide your writing and will help your readers understand the significance of your subject. If you succeed in writing a strong thesis statement, your readers will know what to expect and it will be easier for them to digest your information. The thesis statement typically consists of a sentence which you include in the introductory paragraph. In the thesis, you have to make a claim that other people may dispute and provide an argument in your term paper to support your point of view. A good idea is to create a working outline that will help you stay focused. You need to include sub-topics and key points in it and mention the evidence you are going to use to support your thesis. You may change your outline in the process of writing – include or exclude some points but all the same, you will work more productively if you think about the structure of your management term paper in advance. With an outline, you’ll never miss some vital points and ensure that they are included in your essay. Create the First Draft Your term paper can consist of several parts the number of which will depend on your topic but typically, all academic papers consist of an introduction, the body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Each of these parts plays a significant role. It’s not obligatory to start writing your term paper in management with an introduction and many students usually start writing the beginning with body paragraphs. They develop their argument and when the main part of the paper has been completed, create an introduction and a conclusion. When you use this approach, you are likely to complete the introduction faster because you’ll know very well what your project is about and it will be easier for you to define the purpose of your paper and outline the structure. Introduction Your introduction plays an important role in telling your readers what your paper is about, where you are headed and what goals you hope to achieve.   You’d better begin it with an attention grabber, for example, an interesting quote, statistics data, a thought-provocative question, a definition etc. e.g. Do you know that one-third of employees now either skip surveys or give false answers? Then you should provide some background information to introduce the context. You may give the literature overview in the field and mention different approaches to the subject of your management term paper. After that, you should define your thesis statement/research question and briefly outline the structure. Body Paragraphs The body is the largest part of a management term paper; in this section, you gather and arrange relevant evidence that will persuade the audience of your argument. That’s why it should have a logical organization. If your term paper is long, a good idea is to divide it into several parts with headings and sub-headings. For example, you can have such sections as literature review, methods, results/findings, and discussion. In your methodology section, you should provide information about major sources of primary and secondary research and tell about the limitation or weakness of each source. You will mainly use secondary sources like news articles, magazine articles, company annual reports, encyclopedias, and business textbooks. The body of your paper is the part where you can really impress your instructor. Wondering how you can do that? You should review several related management concepts and theories more extensively that it was done in the course; Demonstrate that you are an expert in some aspects of your research question; You should make sure that the body section is not just descriptive but analytical; You have to provide a logical argument to support your claims and use relevant evidence and in-text citations to prove that your ideas are right. In this case, you will need to include parenthetical citations when referencing another authors text in the body of your term paper. Show your analysis throughout the entire body that is to bring the research data, events or other relevant materials together and interpret the fact you have presented as you develop your argument. Conclusion The main goal of the conclusion is to summarize what you have said in the body and to emphasize the evidence that supports your analysis. Here are some tips on how you can do it right. You can restate your thesis statement/research question and highlight once again the significance of your research topic and your findings; You can synthesize all mini-conclusions you presented in the text and present some interesting insights based on them; If your term paper is lengthy, you can include some evaluative insights, for example, the pros and cons, short-term and long-term effects etc.; You can also mention some weaknesses and limitations of your research; Don’t include any new information in this section; You can discuss some valuable information that you couldn’t access; You can provide some recommendations or suggestions for possible future research. Abstract If your management term paper is long, you may be assigned to include a brief abstract of about 150-200 words. It is actually a miniature version of your research project. You should complete this section of your paper after you have written all the other parts. You’d better write your abstract in active voice because it will be easier to read and many people make a decision on whether the paper is worth reading based on the abstract. Make your abstract as clear and concise as possible. References When you complete your management term paper, don’t forget to make a references list. You have to alphabetically list all the sources that you referenced in the body paragraphs. If you made notes about your sources when doing research, you are likely to cope with this task fast. It’s important to follow the specific style guide recommended by your professor or by your school, for example, MLA or APA. Revise and Edit Your Term Paper When you complete your first draft, you need to read it and make revisions if necessary to improve the content, the logic, and the flow. You may need to do it several times to ensure that your management term paper presents a strong and clear argument. When you achieve that, it’s time to polish and double-check everything. Read your term paper aloud and check organization, sense, and logical structure. Make sure that you correctly cited your sources. Check your grammar and spelling and fix mistakes and typos if there are any. Keep in mind that your readers will evaluate your project not only by the quality of research and its content. They will also take into account the quality of writing so you have to be attentive when proofreading your management term paper and make it the best it can be.

A Quick Biography of Founding Father Thomas Jefferson

A Quick Biography of Founding Father Thomas Jefferson Jefferson grew up in Virginia and was raised with the orphaned children of his fathers friend, William Randolph. He was educated from ages 9-14 by a clergyman named William Douglas from whom he learned Greek, Latin, and French. He then attended Reverend James Maurys School before attending the College of William and Mary. He studied law with George Wythe, the first American law professor. He was admitted to the bar in 1767. Family Ties: Jefferson was the son of  Colonel Peter Jefferson, a planter and public official, and Jane Randolph. His father died when Thomas was 14.  Together they had six sisters and one brother. On  January 1, 1772 he married  Martha Wayles Skelton. However, she  died after ten years of marriage.  Together they had two daughters: Martha Patsy and Mary Polly. There is also speculation about the progeny of several children by the slave Sally Hemings. Early Career: Jefferson served in the House of Burgesses (1769-74). He argued against Britains actions and was part of the Committee of Correspondence. He was a member of the Continental Congress (1775-6) and then became a member of the Virginia House of Delegates (1776-9). He was the Governor of Va. during part of the Revolutionary War (1779-81).  He was sent to France as a minister after the war (1785-89). Events Leading to the Presidency: President Washington appointed Jefferson to be the first Secretary of State. He clashed with Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, on how the US should deal with France and Britain. Hamilton also desired a stronger federal government than Jefferson. Jefferson eventually resigned because he saw that Washington was more strongly influenced by Hamilton than him. Jefferson later served as Vice President under John Adams from 1797-1801. Nomination and Election of 1800: In 1800, Jefferson was the Republican candidate with Aaron Burr as his Vice President. He ran in a very contentious campaign against John Adams under whom he had served as Vice President. The Federalists used the Alien and Sedition Acts to their benefit. These had been vigorously opposed by Jefferson and Madison who had argued they were unconstitutional (Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions). Jefferson and Burr tied in the electoral vote which set up an electoral controversy described below. Electoral Controversy: Even though it was known that Jefferson was running for President and Burr for Vice President, in the election of 1800, whoever received the most votes would be elected as president. There was no provision that made it clear who was running for which office. Burr refused to concede, and the vote went to the House of Representatives. Each state cast one vote; it took 36 ballots to decide. Jefferson won carrying 10 out of 14 states. This led directly to the passage of the 12th Amendment which corrected this problem. Reelection - 1804: Jefferson was renominated by caucus in 1804 with George Clinton as his Vice President. He ran against Charles Pinckney from South Carolina. During the campaign, Jefferson easily won. The federalists were divided with radical elements leading to the partys downfall. Jefferson received 162 electoral votes vs. Pinckneys 14. Events and Accomplishments of Thomas Jeffersons Presidency: The uneventful transfer of power between Federalist John Adams and Republican Thomas Jefferson was a significant event in American History. Jefferson spent time dealing with the federalist agenda with which he did not agree. He allowed the Alien and Sedition Acts to end without renewal. He had the tax on liquor that caused the Whiskey Rebellion repealed. This reduced government revenue leading Jefferson to cut costs by reducing the military, relying instead on state militias. An important early event during Jeffersons administration was the court case, Marbury v. Madison, which set up the Supreme Courts power to rule federal acts unconstitutional. America engaged in a war with the Barbary States during his time in office (1801-05). The US had been paying tribute to pirates from this area to stop attacks on American ships. When the pirates asked for more money, Jefferson refused leading Tripoli to declare war. This ended in success for the US who was no longer required to pay tribute to Tripoli. However, America did continue to pay to the rest of the Barbary States. In 1803, Jefferson purchased the Louisiana territory from France for $15 million. This is considered the most important act of his administration. He sent Lewis and Clark on their famous expedition to explore the new territory. In 1807, Jefferson ended the foreign slave trade beginning January 1, 1808. He also established the precedent of Executive Privilege as explained above. At the end of his second term, France and Britain were at war, and American trade ships were often targeted. When the British boarded the American frigate, Chesapeake, they forced (impressed) three soldiers to work on their vessel and killed one for treason. Jefferson signed the Embargo Act of 1807 in response. This stopped America from exporting and importing foreign goods. Jefferson thought this would have the effect of hurting the trade in France and Great Britain. However, it had the opposite effect, hurting American trade. Post Presidential Period: Jefferson retired after his second term as president and did not reenter public life again. He spent time at Monticello. He was deeply in debt and in 1815 sold his library to form the Library of Congress and to help get him out of debt. He spent a lot of his time in retirement designing the University of Virginia. He died on the fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1826. Ironically, this was the same day as John Adams. Historical Significance: Jeffersons election began the fall of federalism and the Federalist Party. When Jefferson took over the office from Federalist John Adams, the transfer of power occurred in an orderly manner which was an extremely rare event. Jefferson took his role as party leader very seriously. His greatest achievement was the Louisiana Purchase which more than doubled the size of the US. He also established the principle of executive privilege by refusing to testify during the Aaron Burr treason trial.

Microeconocs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Microeconocs - Essay Example This "supply schedule" is usually represented by relationship between market price and amount of goods produced. On the other side, "demand is defined as the willingness and ability of a consumer to purchase a given product in a given frame of time" (Clasquin 24). This schedule represents the amount of goods that consumers are willing to purchase at different prices as long as everything else remains the same. While there are numberless different markets that vary from country to country, there are a few producers that find a demand throughout the world. One of these is the demand for oil, with almost all machines depending on the energy it provides. The production and consumption of oil makes for a perfect example of how supply and demand works. One of the largest and most well known oil producers is The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). This organization ties together the biggest oil producing countries in the world including: Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. "OPEC's influence on the market has been widely criticized. Several members of OPEC alarmed the world and triggered high inflation across both the developing and developed world when they used oil embargoes in the 1973s" (Clasquin 24). OPEC has weathered the ups and downs of supply and demand like no other producer has because the demand for oil in today's fluctuating market is constantly changing. With the worldwide economic crisis currently taking over many parts of the world, the demand for oil has been significantly reduced. "For years, the world's oil surplus was negligible. This year, OPEC's spare capacity is expected to surge to around four million barrels a day, according to the U.S. Energy Department. In 2009, global oil demand will fall by 800,000 barrels a day -- the sharpest retreat since the recession of the early 1980s, the Energy Department predicts" (King A.6). This sharp decline in demand can be directly linked to the pocketbooks of everyday citizens. A massive amount of the demand OPEC sees comes from everyday citizens needing oil to power their cars. Many of these citizens are losing jobs and feeling the crunch due to economic stress. They have less spending money and are sticking only to necessities. In this case, less spending money means less demand. For example, citizens have less money to spend on leisure activities which almost always require some kind of transportation to and from. It seems that people are driving only to and from work, sticking to their homes and surrounding neighborhoods in their time off. People can't afford to take vacations, depleting the demand of oil needed to operate airplanes, and an allover tightening of pocketbooks is restricting the amount of work needed to be done by the machinery using oil as a power fuel. Therefore, with all of these factors facing OPEC, they have "announced that the group's largest supply cut, --2.2 million barrels a day - after pledging to cut two million barrels a day in the autumn, when the slowdown began to take hold" (King A.6). Global economic stress has stalled OPEC actions along with signs ofa weakening energy demand. At the end of 2008 reports of crude oil stocks rising in cost and falling retail sales in the U.S. were driving oil prices down.

Scripts and Counterscripts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scripts and Counterscripts - Essay Example The four distinct scripts merge into one dominant script evident throughout in the society, authorities and the press. This comprehensive script is widely acceptable; it is almost impossible to live without. They rule us every day and give a false sense of security, thus free of all threats. It promises false security, tells us that if we are safe then we are happy. Homelessness or residue of anger and insanity is fruits of war and destruction of the environment. This script challenges us via sales promotion, hearsays and ideologies that are pleasant to hear and affords us happiness. The safety illusion given to us by this script is deficient of critical reflection. He strongly states that although, they assure hums, safety and happiness, the scripts are dehumanizing leading people towards a false comfort zones. The scripts make us overlook the need to depend on the Creator and deny us true peace and personal satisfaction (Peter, 1976). He depicts the script as a complete failure, a stand he argues many people would not support. He adds that there is no happiness or safety attributable to the script and that more insecurity and unhappiness will arise from them. His closing remarks on the script are that, â€Å"the key to personal and spiritual wholeness lies in rejecting the script†. This article is a true representation of how to manipulate and indecisive human behavior. Through the use, of scripts and counter scripts, we are able to discern how humans react to different, influential factors. In the scripts, humans are victims of illusions of the world, which they totally believe to a point of even overlooking the true, reliable source of their help (explained in the elusive theory). I personally agree with Brueggemann, on his alternative script argument that, darned often we still are in crisis of enlightenment about the Creator. We shy off when expressing people’s thought about God acting in their midst for

Authenticity For Investigating The Theory Of Musical Cultures Media Essay

Authenticity For Investigating The Theory Of Musical Cultures Media Essay For years authenticity has been an intriguing issue for journalists and academics investigating the theory of musical cultures. The early investigations concerned the comparison between the integral, honest and authentic folk music deriving from traditional culture against artificial, manufactured and inauthentic products of mass mediated and marketed business (Gardner, 2005). Alongside the popularisation of mass culture and the industries behind it, music fans developed the perception on traditional music, reflecting lives, practices and folklore of people by means that pop music was not. In order to differentiate themselves from the masses, people started to look for authenticity in music as identification with their culture, experiences, feelings and views (Moore, 2002). Also the ways in which the textual content has been delivered, as well as the means of instrumental expression were significantly related to the culture of music listeners (Wiseman-Trowse, 2008). With the technological progress new instruments (for example synthesisers) were introduced by the increasing number of music performers, who at first were rejected as inauthentic, not associated with traditional artists craft. However, technology soon started to form new musical cultures, effectively mixing with the existing, long-established ones (Moore, 2002). Not only the instruments were subject to technical changes; the ways of documentation of artists performances also transformed over the years, supporting better quality recordings as well as more advanced and precise techniques of producing and editing recorded music (Persson, 2006). The use of digital music production has become more popular in recent years, allowing fixes and changes to the recorded performance. This study shall examine the relationship between authenticity of an artists craft and digital music production techniques. Background of the problem Many artists, even those who derive from the cultures they claim to represent, tend to work on improving their studio recordings to the point of even mechanical perfection. This can be the pitch excellence of every note played or sung, as well as beats and bars precision. Also the musical arrangements offer broader opportunities that can be acquired much easier than by traditional means, for example with digital synthesiser imitating the sound of violin or brass (Wiseman-Trowse, 2008). Such an attitude stands in opposition to the traditional meaning of craft as a profession based on particular set of skills. Thus, by denying the conventions of honesty, truth and genuineness, being authentic as an artist can be rejected by some of the fans. By identifying the correlation between such operations and perception on the artists craft in terms of its authenticity, another field in the music culture theory shall be acknowledged. In other words, understanding how the creation of recordings influence authenticity will update the subject data by one of the most recent issues. Statement of the problem By increasing ease of access to digital sound recording and editing tools, a number of music fans become more aware of how music is being made. This has influence on perceiving artists authenticity, especially referring to their craft, which can lead to interpreting them as well as producers as inauthentic manufacturers of music, whose main factor is no longer self-expression, but commercial success only. Statement of purpose The value terms of authenticity, honesty, integrity and realness are probably the most loaded (Moore, 2002). In an effort to identify possible correlations between those related to an artists craft and digital studio production techniques, the study will examine the perception on recorded music and how contemporary technologies can change it. In doing so, the study will uncover the key determinants of such changes. Rationale Digital recording and editing of music is relatively new subject. Therefore, the availability of academic articles on its impact on authenticity of an artists skills is very limited. Most of the bibliographic sources pertinent to the concept of authenticity, dating back to the late 1960s, investigate the subject area from different angles (Wiseman-Trowse, 2008). Although the majority of research has been conducted since the early 1990s, which is the time when Digital Audio Workstations were gaining popularity, very little of the studies focused on the relationship between authenticity and digital studio production techniques. A number of studies investigated authenticity as an ideological notion motivated culturally and industrially, included mostly in lyrics, interviews and artists image itself (Wiseman-Trowse, 2008). Drawing from the fields of history and music cultures evolvement, several studies looked at areas such as development of folk music, which primarily celebrated provincial culture, as well as rock genre, originally belonging to the entertainment music domain (Moore, 2002). Even more recent research does not cover the music production angle of the problem, only mentioning it occasionally in different sources. This study is guided by the rationale of exploring these determinants. Aims and objectives of the study The aim of the study is to identify the relationship between modern music production techniques and the craft of an artist. As influenced by the aim of the study, the primary objective of this dissertation is to examine and analyse the impact that digital retuning, elastic audio and general fixing of recorded sound and the impact of these changes on authenticity of an artists profession. In this context the main objectives of the research study could be stated as: To identify the correlation between contemporary music production techniques and the craft of an artist To evaluate the influence that digital changes, made to the recorded sound, have on authenticity of the artists profession Research question Is applying any digital changes or fixes to recorded sound influence authenticity of an artists craft? Definitions of terms The following definitions are supplied to guarantee a common understanding of the primary terms used in this study. Mass culture is the whole of the culture shared by all, except for infrequent individuals who still appreciate the traditional high culture, which stands to the opposite to the term. It is argued that the mass, meaning the people, enthusiastically accepts whatever manipulative elites provide it with (DiMaggio, 2004). Craft is any object or output that is the development of practical and aesthetic skills and of the vision through the formation and creation of personal work, sold for profit (Houghton, 2005). Although it must have high degree of hand-made input, it does not have to consist of traditional materials or ways of production. The design of craft may be culturally set in the geographical place of creation (McAuley and Fillis, 2005). Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) is a digitally based platform that is designed mainly for recording and editing sound. It replaces the traditional tape-based recording techniques, which were complex and time consuming, with fast, precise and convenient digital ones, providing wider choice of tools to process recorded sound (Dye, 2008). Research method The study was both desk-based and ethnographic. Books and articles on authenticity and different angles of defining the concept, as well as on modern audio production techniques were reviewed. In addition, primary data on perceiving authenticity by artists, producers and fans of music was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The study also examined transformations in interpreting authenticity of an artists skill in relation to changes applied to the sound. Assumptions and limitations This study was affected by several assumptions and limitations. First, it used a multiple choice survey, which means that the respondents were not entirely free to specify their views on the questions. This could imply some of the answers not to be accurately representative in terms of the respondents point of view, but only closely related to it. The second limitation of this study is the sample size, which was small and limited to the High Wycombe based population and online respondents only. In fact, there is no indication that the sample in this study is representative of the broader population. The third limitation of this research is the fact that the collection of data took place at particular period of time. Thus, there is no guarantee that the received responses would be indicative of responses requested and given at other time. There is also a possibility that other issues, remaining outside of the researchers control (time of day, recent conflicts, setting, or tiredness of the respondents) might influence the answers (Laurel, 2003). Description of thesis organisation The research consists of five chapters. The first one shapes the area of interest and delineates the examined problem. The research questions are introduced, the studys limitations are characterised and the selected methodology is generally and briefly discussed. The second chapter reviews literature on authenticity and modern music production techniques, particularly relating to those basing on digital sound changing. The third chapter discusses the studys methodology, the strategies used for collection of primary and secondary data, as well as concludes with a rationalization of the defined selections, recognising some inherent boundaries. The fourth chapter presents the studys discoveries as updated by the primary and secondary data collection and answers the research questions described in the first chapter. Responses to the research questions evaluated in the first chapter and an investigation on the accuracy of the research assumptions are presented in the findings. The fifth chapter concluded the research and defines the studys recommendations. Conclusion As described in this chapter, the studys subject shall be the relationship between digitally based music production techniques and authenticity of an artists craft. The next chapter presents the literature reviewed for this study. CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction This chapter reviews the literature on authenticity and contemporary music production techniques. Although there is a wealth of literature on the subject of authenticity, very few focuses on the process of the formation of recorded music, while none exploits the correlation between an artists craft authenticity and modern audio production. Instead, and as will be seen throughout this review, the majority of studies consider the socio-cultural aspect of perceiving artists authenticity by fans and theorists of music, as well as the historical one. 2.2 Authenticity in the history of popular music The early theorists of popular music warned against the expanding mass consuming culture that offered artificial art, considered to be inauthentic. For example, Walter Benjamin stated his predictions concerning the world of art and music as uniformed by mass production and with no perspectives for any heterogeneity (1935). Before the growth of the culture oriented industry, musical styles and practices were less influenced by what is considered entertaining and instead they were developing independently, aiming for pure expression of the art. Then, the rise of the business, led to the standardisation of popular culture, which was influenced by its modernisation and industrialisation (Adorno, 1991). In other words, the industry started to apply fixed formulas to the music, considering them to make it more entertaining and therefore more likely to be consumed by more people. Such an approach from the industrys side, led the fans to start missing more honest and integral cultural expressions, and thus, to seek for more genuine, traditional alternative. This was often found in folk music, as by the specifications of it, folk has been developed traditionally as an expression of peoples lives and experiences in different manner than popular culture (Gardner, 2005). Because people were searching for identity and integrity, that would distinguish themselves from the masses, the industry started to adopt different genres, marketing them as more soulful and real options (Sloop and Herman, 1998). It was not only the industry standards that influenced perceiving music as inauthentic. Together with the technological development, people started using amplified electric guitars or electronic instruments, such as synthesisers, which led to a division of music listeners (Moore, 2002). This was quickly adopted by the industry, which appeared to separate music clubs between traditional and contemporary ones. The situation was as serious as the traditionally oriented venues tended to refuse to accept a performer who used modern technology as part of the performance (Boyes, 1993). 2.3 What is authenticity Although the concept of authenticity is explained differently in variety of sources, most of them present similar view that the definition if very subjective. Allan Moore for example, presents a set of value terms that are identified with authenticity: real, honest, truthful, with integrity, actual, genuine, essential and sincere (2002). Also Gilbert and Pearson specify the requirements of authentic rock of the 1980s, wherein the fundamental role of artists was to represent the culture from which they come, speaking the truth of their situations and using particular type of instrumentation (1999). In other words, these theorists claim that authenticity is not any fixed combination of musical sounds or set of lyrical content, but it refers to the artist or the whole of their performance as a matter of interpretation, which should be made from cultural and therefore historical position (Rubidge, 1996). Thus, it is not the integral part of a performance, but something that can be assign ed to one, meaning that the choice whether it is authentic or not, depends on who the one is. Moore considers the rock discourse to be the one frequently referring to authenticity in the textual and musical spheres. He argued that it is the style of writing and performing that made the audience decide of its authenticity, and that it particularly referred to the singer (2002). What also should be noted is the attributes of an artists intimacy and immediacy, that indicate authenticity, meaning that one should uncover their feelings and experiences in unmediated shape and with the purity of sound production (Moore, 2002). Grossberg goes further by stating that the difference between the authentic and the inauthentic lies within the purpose that an artist has in the musical expression. Whether it is the art itself, the public or the income driven by this, defines the authentic as the opposite of commercial (1992). Thus, in order to classify the integrate, the performers realism and lack of pretence have to be examined (Moore, 2002). 2.3.1 First person authenticity The fundamental form of authenticity that was introduced by Charles Taylor (1997) as an expression that can be outlined in an initiatory instance, which Moore later describes as immediacy of expression (2002). This concept has also been reviewed by Bohlman, who identifies the authentic as the constant demonstration of the stylistic genesis, which means the purity of practice (1988). In other words, he presents his idea of an authentic artist as the one whose musical style remains loyal to the origins of the genre. On the other hand, Grossberg (1992) indicates the honesty of experience as the main determinant of authenticity, meaning the lyrical content of the song expressing real experiences of an artist. Both Bohlmans and Grossbergs views are supported by Redhead, who claims that real instruments (referring to the purity of practice) should go along real feelings; the artistic transparency and loyalty to the roots of music in conjunction with a genuine message (1990). Walser argues that even technological mediation, for example use of signal modifiers or amplification, is synonymous to pretence, pointing at artificiality and thus inauthenticity of an act (1993). Such an approach is related to Taylors authenticity of positionality, which describes the authenticity of musicians who reject to get influenced by the commercial music, for example by implementing the style of Western musicians by non-Western ones (1997). Wiseman-Trowse underlines another aspect of the immediate performance, which is the stage one, where an artist has actual opportunity to engage the audience, as opposed to the recorded performance (2008). On stage it is possible for a listener to compare both recorded and live ones, as well as for an artist to convert the listeners perception on authenticity of the performance. On this basis one can decide whether it is the genuine artistic skill that is present on a recording, or rather a result of the work of a skilful producer (Auslander, 1999). As Moore underlines the concept of the first person authenticity, all of the above understandings of the term are connected by the direction towards they lead. This entails the perception on authenticity that is implemented by the personal interpretation made by an entity being a part of the audience (2002). In other words, the first person authenticity occurs when a performer is received by an individual as an integral one who expresses their art in an unmediated way. 2.3.2 Third person authenticity Fornà ¤s distinguishes three types of authenticity: social, subjective and meta ones. They differ with regard to the act of judgement: first is made by a particular community, second depends on the individual, while the last one is evidenced by the consideration of the performer or the author of lyrics (1995). Although meta-authenticity is described as an act of validation made by the author, this side of the subject is also present in the other two types. According to Grossberg, the authentic performer needs to express their own feelings, which are simultaneously shared with the public (1992). This type of authenticity is pictured by adopting the original blues music style, deriving from the economically poor Mississippi delta, to the 1960s movement represented by artists like Cream. The band used to play a cover song of Robert Johnson, Crossroads. Even though Cream did not grow neither over the Mississippi area, nor in the 1930s, they found themselves identifying with the song (Coleman, 1994). This allowed them to express themselves through reproducing Johnsons art and remaining authentic (at least in their own opinion). The third person authenticity is supported by Vaughan Williams, who claims that the artist can never create from the state of entire independence, without any influence of earlier musical acts. Thus, the musician needs predecessors in order to base the artistic experience on them (1987). Thus, the third person authenticity occurs if a performing artist successfully represents the ideas, experiences and feelings of another. 2.3.3 Second person authenticity Grossberg specifies another type of authenticity that, as opposed to the first and third person ones, is being justified by the artists capability to successfully express the experiences of the listeners (1992). Thus, it is the audience that recognises the authentic by basing on their own feelings and thoughts that are presented by an artist. Moore exemplifies this approach by mentioning the 1980s rock scene, which was dominated by synthesisers. The dedication to traditional rock was therefore exposed by the focus on the guitar based instrumentation used by the bands like U2, Big Country, Simple Minds, The Alarm or Bruce Springsteen, who derive from socially disadvantaged areas. By using the guitar, that was easily reachable, they tried to metaphorically escape from their reality (2002). This means, that it is culturally constructed process of artists authentication made by the audience that seeks for the validation of their own experiences in art. 2.3.4 Authenticity as a renewable resource Richard Peterson (1997) introduced the concept of authenticity as a renewable resource, claiming that it is renovated with every era and expansion of popular music with its production. He states that the shifting conditions are reflected by the meaning of authenticity, which is defined by a collective argumentation of fans, performers and producers. It is argued that authenticity is not inseparable in the recording, or a performance, which intend to be authentic by design. In popular culture, the particulars of the words meaning are not controlled by specialists and authorities; it aims to be credible qualified to a explicit model and simultaneously remain original. In other words, it has to fit within fixed framework, not being an imitation of it at the same time. Thus, what is authentic, varies continuously renewing all the time and never remaining static. However, Robert Gardner (2005) disagrees with the generalisation of authenticity as renewable resource. He points out that even the genre on which Peterson has based his research, should not be considered authentic in the contemporary state of it, having been deprived of its integral roots, which displays for example on ABCs Monday Night Football, which uses Hank Williams Jrs theme song. 2.4 Digital audio Todays recording systems, like Pro Tools, Cuebase or Logic, are using the digital way of sound capturing. It is then saved as samples, which are small bits that recorded sound consists of. Frank D. Cook describes sound samples as analogical to pixels in digitally saved images (2009). In order to understand digital audio, it is important to present what sound essentially is. When a human ear hears a sound, it in fact experiences variations of the air pressure around it. These are result of vibrations of objects, that are moving in cycles. If the object is vibrating at a frequency that falls within the range of human hearing, we perceive it as a sound (Cook, 2009, p 21). The actual character of the sound depends on the waveform, frequency and the vibrations amplitude. 2.4.1 Waveform The waveform is the very thing that creates the humans perception on the shape of the sound. This means that one can find out what is the source of the sound, as every object vibrates differently, giving the waveform the distinctive nature and tone (Cook, 2009). 2.4.2 Frequency Human hearing has the range of approximately 20 and 20000 cycles (the whole back-and-forth vibrations) per second, measured in Hertz (Hz). This determines the pitch of the sound, where lower frequencies generate lower sounds; while higher frequencies produce higher pitches (Cook, 2009). For example, the frequency of 130 Hz is assigned to the musical note C3, whereas the semitone lower B2 names the frequency of 123 Hz. 2.4.3 Amplitude The loudness perceived by the human ear depends on the pressure or intensity of the sound variations and is measured in decibels (dB). Thus, the sound becomes louder as the amplitude of vibrations increases. For example, the loudness of a regular conversation is 60 dB. In order to double the loudness, the amplitude would have to be increased to 70 dB (Cook, 2009). 2.5 Modern studio production techniques Dan Daley suggests that listening to the recorded vocals on the radio nowadays brings to mind the increasing popularity of guitar effects in the 1970s, when fuzz, distortion, flanging and wah-wah processors overwhelmed traditional sounding guitars (2003). As it was argued then, whether the non-purist approach is inauthentic or rather an artistic expression of modernity, it is arguable if changing recorded vocals or instruments digitally can be perceived as genuine representation of art (Daley, 2003). The turning point of pitch correction technique came along Chers single Believe in 1998, on which digital vocal processing has been not only used, but made very noticeable. Since then, the number of artists using these features is continuously increasing, as well as there are more and more ways of using them, even to the point of intentional distortion of recorded sound (Daley, 2003). 2.5.1 Pitch correction The pitch correction feature, available by both DAW plug-ins as well as standalone programs allows automatic or manual change of recorded sounds pitch. The most common use of pitch correction is fixing a vocal performance; if a singer sings a false note, the digital technology allows the producer to fix it quickly, without another take. There are two ways of correcting pitch. Automatic mode usually lets the user to choose a musical scale according to which both flat and sharp notes should be corrected. Manual mode provides a graph of the notes that allows the producer to change the pitch of separate sounds manually, by moving the graphical representation of them up and down (Bartlett and Bartlett, 2009). 2.5.2 Elastic audio Huber and Runstein point out another feature that provided by digital technology. Elastic audio allows the change of the timing of recorded sound (2009), for example fixing a guitarists performance, who might have recorded a solo slower than the actual song and then speed it up. This tool does not only generate a change of a tracks speed, but also each sound can be stretched or shrunk separately and manually by the producer (Huber and Runstein, 2009). Such a tool can repair a poor performance that is out of time and make it sound technically perfect. 2.6 Contemporary production techniques and authenticity An American singer and songwriter, Neko Case, expressed her views on auto-tune in the interview for Pitchfork. She claims that singing is not important anymore, as instead bad singing is fixed by the producer (2006). Case also argues that an artist who uses shift correction on vocals cannot be taken seriously, losing all the integrity. Moreover, the singer clearly points out that an artists craft needs more work and thus, those who do not spend this extra hour in the studio trying to hit the note are not valid (Case, 2006). Allison Moore, a singer from Nashville, goes one step further in her proclaiming about using modern production tools on records. She put a sticker on the front cover of her LP release, Miss Fortune, which states Absolutely no vocal tuning or pitch-correction was used in the making of this record (2002). She is a keen supporter of the view that albums should be recorded and mixed in the old way, that is becoming progressively rare (Daley, 2003). On the other hand, the guitarist of The White Stripes, The Raconteurs and The Dead Weather, Jack White argues that pop artists, like Britney Spears can be more authentic than Tom Waits or Bob Dylan (2009). His rationale for such a controversial opinion was that he finds more authentic an artist whose musical expression is made the way they best know and feel. In other words, White points out that in the modern music world somebody who has grown listening mainly to pop (thus commercial, manufactured and by definition inauthentic) music, knows it as their primary way of articulating feelings and experiences and therefore is not pretentious, which leads to perceiving them as authentic (2009). Some genres can be more focused on the authentic side of studio recording. An example of such an approach is Pearl Jam, representing grunge music. The bands drummer, Matt Cameron called their album Riot Act is an anti-Pro Tools record: Its more interesting hearing musicians in a room playing hard, with the tempo fluctuating slightly as the band heats up. Perfection is boring (2009). He pointed out a significant thing about the modern technology by recalling one of the most popular DAWs as a synonym of commercial and unreal music. Josh Binder argues that the features of pitch/timing of a recorded track does not have to be used only as a tool for fixing a bad performance. This young producer, who has been learning his profession in the world that has already accepted the existence of digital retuning, claims that he uses Auto-Tune (one of the leading digital tools used for pitch correction) to enrich the vocal sound of even a perfectly sung track (2009). An engineer, Michael Brauer, applies no limitations in terms of using available technologies to make a good-sounding record. He states that he is employed for the purpose of helping to make songs that can be sold, regardless of the artists abilities (2009). Nevertheless, he still believes that one needs talent to be an artist and if they cannot sing or play at all, no technology can help them (2009). 2.7 Conclusion The subject of authenticity alone has generated vast amount of theoretical angles of consideration. This has been motivated by the very nature of it, assuming that perception of what is honest, genuine or integral depends on the actual perceiver. Moreover, three basic ways of interpreting the authentic have been specified, which determined further research direction. Furthermore, the digital music production techniques have been described, clarifying how recorded sound can be changed or fixed by contemporary recording and mixing tools. The chapter also presented different perceptions on the relationship between digital production techniques and authenticity of an artists craft. Chapter III describes the methodology used for this study. A review of the studys purpose and investigated questions was presented. This is followed by an outline of the research design and the survey instrument used for it, along with the procedures for data collection and analysis. CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This chapter reflects the studys selected research methodology. As will be seen, the methodology is the subject of the purpose of this study and is supported by the evaluation of the most beneficial approach responding to the research questions. As such, this chapter presents the purpose of the study, the research questions and hypothesis, as well as discusses the data collection and data analysis procedures and the limitations of the research. 3.1 Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to examine the concept of authenticity with specific focus on its perception as influenced by applying digital studio production techniques. The reason for doing so is determining what impact changing the recorded sound has on authenticity of an artists craft. To fulfil this purpose, it was significant to review literature on authenticity, as well as on contemporary music production techniques. This necessitated an exploration of the nature of perceiving authenticity by music fans, producers (record manufacturers), as well as artists themselves. At the same time it was important to explore the ways in which recorded sound, being the performance can be edited, fixed and generally changed. All of this was done in order to fulfil the primary purpose of the study, which was the identification of the influence modern production practices can have on authenticity of an artists skill. As it can be presumed from the above, the current research has an explanatory purpose. According to Silverman, the aim for explanatory research is needed to define an occurrence or make a complex subject comprehensible (2006). This can be done by clarifying the correlations between variables. The purpose of the study aims to explain th