Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China Essay Example

Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China Essay The rapid increase in the trade deficit is sharpening Sino-US trade friction. On the one hand, American accused that Chinese used unreasonable exchange rate policy and dumping strategy, which increase unemployment in US, in addition, this result in damage to American economy. So US government pushes strong pressure to Chinese government for appreciation of the RMI. On the other hand, American government takes some protectionist policies, such as raises tariffs, anti-dumping and other policies. As known, trade protectionism will only lead to world trade war which damage to the overall welfare of general public. Actually, trade protection is widespread in many nations. Several experts have explained from a political economic perspective. The overriding presumption of world trade presents varying views on one hand, free trade can increase the international interests with maximum restriction. On the other hand, unilateral liberalizing of trade can enhance a nations benefit with maximum restriction. Therefore, rational understanding of the causes Sino-USA trade conflicts bears important practical significance to prevent trade protectionism. In recent years, America trade deficit with China continued to increase. In 2001, American trade deficit with China reached 83 billion , which soared to 103 billion in 2002, and climbed to 124 billion in 2003. A rapid increase in the trade deficit is sharpening Sino-US trade friction. On the one hand, American accused that Chinese used unreasonable exchange rate policy and dumping strategy, which increase unemployment in US, and result in damage to American economy. So US government pushes strong pressure to Chinese policies against Chinese color TV, furniture and textile, and other products. We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Trade friction was defined as confrontation between various countries, which defend for heir own interests by taking economic, political, military, import restrictions and expanding exports, with the core objective to adopt various means to fight for the world market (Petri Crook, 2007). For example, a country limit the number of importing goods coming the country, will get corresponding retaliatory measures, which formed the trade friction. Some developed countries with advanced environmental protection technology, make a very high environmental standards to protect the domestic goods, forming a green trade friction with other countries. The duty of international economics suggests that, there are two basic reasons for countries in international trade, namely comparative advantage and scale economy. Comparative advantage and scale economy economies constitutes the origin and development of international trade, also contains the undercurrent against international trade. Participating in international economic intercourse, being engaged in international trade, whether it is for comparative advantage or for reasons of scale economy, the trade income can not be equally balanced. And some countries even lose benefits from trade. A typical example of such trade is North- South trade, which causes increasing global wealth gap between the south countries and the north countries. Thus, the existence of non-balance pattern of international trade, results in todays world trade policy environment and trade disputes. With the development of globalization, the economic ties between countries are increasingly close. Economic internationalization and economic development has gradually deepened. Economic globalization makes the world resources get reasonable allocation (Petri. Crook, 2007). This requires a global unified trade rules. However, the political system is not uniform, so it is easy to cause trade friction. In the era of economic globalization, global production and unified world market, it needs a unified global standard competition rules. But in fact, a variety of domestic regulations have serious impacts on the economic development and trade between countries . At the same time, as a result of economic globalization, the competition among countries is gradually strengthening. But at the same time, the international environment is complex and changeable, and unstable and uncertain factors are increasing. The developed countries will take the economic and scientific dominance for a long time, which aggravate the imbalance in world economic development. The rise of trade protectionism has brought new challenges to many countries. In this context, increasing trade friction is the normal state. Because of this, some experts claimed that global economy has entered a so-called trade friction era. In the era of economic globalization today, because all the countries in the world are seeking to maximize their own interests, trade friction will be normal. Economic globalization is triggered another important reason of Sino-US trade friction. Because China is a developing country with imperfect economic and political system, which is different from USA, it is easily leads to trade friction. As long as the two sides follow the principle of equality and mutual benefit, the friction can be completely resolved. However, the Sino-US trade friction has intensified these days. If it can not be solved correctly, it will seriously affect the bilateral trade relationship development and the economic sustainable development. POP-Unified On March 16th, 2007, an American pet food manufacturer announced the recall of a large number of pet foods from the North American market. The U. S. Media said pet food poisoning was from China source. In June, Chinese toys encountered cold wind, USA companies announced three massive recalling of 21 million Chinese toy productions, which involving exceeded standard of paint and lead for coating. In order to balance the trade deficit, the restriction policy, in general, is not helpful to increase the total economy and welfare of USA. It is proved by economic theories that free trade can improve allocation of resources and social welfare. In fact, imported cheap products can curb rising prices. With deepening of trade liberalizing, various countries have cut riffs barriers. But as substantial reduction in tariff levels, at the same time, countries also sought non-tariff barriers to protect domestic industry. Anti-dumping is a kind of important non-tariff barrier. Due to its characteristics of damage and convenient operation, it is allowed by WTFO rules as trade remedy measure. So it is popularly adopted around the world. America as the number one economy in the world has a long history of antiquating to limit foreign imports and to protect their own particular industry. With increasing GATORS trade talks was held successfully, USA and other industrialized countries cut the tariff level down to 4. So America takes anti-dumping as powerful weapon. In recent years, there is growing number of anti- dumping cases. China is USA important trade partner since establishment of diplomatic relation in 1979, bilateral trade volume increased year by year. But at the same time, USA trade deficit with China increased, resulting in bilateral trade friction happened frequently. USA builds high no-tariff barriers on Chinese products, and frequently uses various means to limit imports of Chinese products. Therefore, anti- mumping has become one of the most important means. Bonn and McCullough (2005) pointed out that, ISIS anti-dumping measures has been obvious discriminatory to China. Since 1990, China has become the number one target of America anti- dumping investigation. China is often the only countries being investigated. II. Literature review In the field of international economy, trade friction has a long history, with the early trade disputes including Anglo-Hansen trade war, Franco-Italian trade war and Hawley Smooth trade war. Since sass, with the deepening of economic globalization, the trade protectionism, is sweeping across the world. The trade friction between the countries has shown new trends and characteristics, which are diversified, concealed, and efficient. The trade conflicts between developed countries and developing countries, especially Sino-US trade friction, have become the focus of concern. Various theorists have studied trade conflicts from political and economic approach (Baldwin, 1985 Leverage, 1983 Rowley et al, 1995). At present, many scholars put forward that the trade frictions generated in the political process. Political economy about trade originated in the inability to explain trade intervention logic in real international trade. The classical trade theory or new trade theory can not explain trade intervention policy, which has prompted economists to search trade policy from a new point of view. A formed policy will impact different interest groups, mainly influence their benefits. The traditional economic theory explained that government behaviors are driven by external actors. Political economic theory makes a breakthrough to consider the influence different interests groups. The political economic approach of trade policy can clearly explain forming process and operation mode of the political market. Stiller (1971) pointed out that, interest groups through lobbying and pressing politicians to seek their favorable policies. The politicians who seek political support minimization would likely to give favorable policies to specific interest groups. So, political market, in which a public policy is the commodity, is formed, with interest groups as the buyers, politicians as commodity sellers. Grossman and Hellman (1994) created a description of interaction model describing government and interest groups. The authors assumed that interest groups are consisted of exclusive elements, which provide the government with the lattice capital and in return they seek for tariffs or export subsidies. Different political donations are corresponding to different tariffs or subsidies, which formed the so-called donation price list. Grossman and Hellman believed that protection level is positively related to capability of interest groups, but is negatively correlated with the elasticity of import demand. The above documents indicated that interest groups eventually will have an important impact on trade policy, but the interest groups lobbying and donation activities are directed at the Congress, not for the TIT and TIC members. Baldwin (1985) set up a bridge between interest groups and the government officials. He pointed out that, the important congressional committee can exert very important influence on the process of TIC, because members of Congress can not only directly persuade and press members of TIC, but also can control TIC through budget constraint. When a member of some interest groups, for example, a manufacturer or labor organization, puts forward anti-dumping litigation, he will see help from closely related members. Congressmen put pressure on the TIT and TIC, so that the decision is beneficial to the interest group. Hansen the empirical test (1990) confirmed Baldwin hypothesis (1985), she pointed out that members of Congress can to control the administrative officials through a series of incentive measures, such as budget allocation, oversight hearings, legislative activities, public opinion propaganda and so on. Different from the above view, Appellant. Et. Al. (1976) pointed out that the government rarely seeks to maximize social welfare policy the government is seeking policies that made the political support minimization. These policies typically reflect interests of the most influential interest groups. In fact, economists and political scientists have paid great attention to influence of interest group on trade policy. The earliest literature can be traced back to Starchinesss Politics, Pressure and the Tariff. In this book, Scatterbrained studied the influence of interest group in American Smooth Hawley Act in 1929-1930, which opened up the study of interest groups role in the formation of trade policy. In the sass, C. P. Kindergà ¤rtner published Group Behavior and International Trade. He proposed, in some cases, international trade can be studies from national group action. He analyzed the status hanged of different interest groups in European countries. Obviously, Scatterbrained and Kindergà ¤rtners study on the interest group mainly referred from study methods of sociology and politics. After the theory of public choice in sass-sass, scholars have conducted in-depth analysis of influence of interest group on trade policy. In sass, especially after sass, many scholars have studied the formation process trade protection, and put forward different political economy model. Grossman and Hellman (1994) developed a formal framework to integrate the domestic politics into international trade relations. They assumed that the government is both concerned about the general interests of voters and special interests of political donations. They analyzed the game and strategic interaction between the domestic interest groups and government officials. They analyzed non- cooperation and cooperation tariff game model, and testified how domestic politics determined the government international goals. In addition, Gould and Woodbine (1998) investigated the dynamic process of trade protection, revenge and trade war. They found that the decision and implementation of foreign retaliation tariff and there trade policy are as same as domestic political process. Trade policy is not determined by exogenous target of government, but by internal competitive interest groups. They concluded that liberalizing, trade protection, and revenge are the interactive process between foreign political power and domestic political power. These analyses will undoubtedly increase understanding the political reasons for trade friction. Sino-US textile trade dispute problem is most typical case. Textile and apparel commodities are the largest exports in Sino-US bilateral trade, because textile has always been regarded as sensitive goods. Therefore problem of Sino-US textile trade between the two countries is very difficult to solve. Since textile trade problems in 1972, the two countries have signed several textile trade agreements. USA protectionists try strong efforts to prevent Chinese textiles into the USA through quota restrictions and other measures in bilateral agreements. After China entered WTFO, Sino-US textile trade entered into a relatively quiet period. But because of increasing textile exports to the United States, America Textile Manufacturers Association constantly accused Chinese manipulation of the RMI exchange rate, which weakening the American textile competition ability and pressed on the Bush government, eventually forced America Ministry of Commerce enabled China-U. S. WTFO Agreement. Once the Chinese textiles disrupted U. S. Market, the export growth rate of the related products would be restricted within 7. 5. In 2003, US government officially implement a one-year guarantee measure to from Chinese three categories of textile products knitted fabric, brassiere and gown, which caused strong protest from China Chamber of Commerce, who pointed out that it violates WTFO regulations. The United States contradict WTFO fundamental purpose and spirit, and cause a negative impact on Sino-US textile trade relations (Petri. Crook, 2007). Due to the transformation and upgrading of the ISIS economic structure, the textile industry and clothing industry declined. Contrarily, Chinas textile industry was quite competitive because of cheap labor force it seemed China will be the biggest benefited party during this trade. Since China Joined the WTFO, US textile industry always kept an eye on Chinas textile industry. They found Chinas production capacity of textile industry kept strengthening. At the same time, benefiting from the cancel of quota restrictions, the unit price of Chinas textile product decreased sharply and the market share of Chinas textile industry increased very fast. US textile industry also thought China took unfair action to compete, which meaning China offering privilege on tariff barrier, market access limitation, technology transfer regulations, confessional loan and other aspect to support the textile industry development. Early 2005, Chinas cheap products flow over into the US market and resulted in 19 factories bankrupting along with 26000 people losing Jobs. Then on April 4, 2005, the US Commerce Department announced to start the special protection procedure against Chinas third kind of textile (including cotton shirts, pants, underwear and other products) for the reason of threat of market disruption, which was the first time to restrict Chinas textile industry export by using special terms since MFC (Multi-Fiber Arrangement) was abolished. On May 18th, the United States Commission on Implementation of Textile Agreements made decision to take special restrictive measures to abandon Chinas textile export. This caused textile trade conflicts teen the US and China. Although Chinas textile export had bad effect on the ISIS textile industry development and employment, the ISIS action was partly haunted by trade protectionism. They provoked the trade conflicts for strategic reasons (Petri. Crook, 2007). The imbalanced industrial structure is deep-seated cause of frequent international trade friction. According to classical theory of international division of labor, the comparative advantage is the foundation of division of labor and cooperation between countries. In this case, all countries play their strengths and make up weakness through trade. The developed countries are at the top of the international division of labor, mainly engaged in production of high value-added products. While developing countries are at the bottom of the international division of labor, they are mainly engaged in the production of low value-added goods. However, due to inconsistencies in balance and economic benefit of economic development between countries, industrial division of labor is not entirely has perfectly competitiveness. On the contrary, driven by economic interests behind the trade, developed countries tend not to give up low-value-added traditional industries. When the developed countries are threatened in these traditional areas, they will take protective measures without hesitation, and then lead to trade friction. For example, America implements consistent protection for its steel industry for decades and caused relevant trade friction. On the other hand, the emerging industrial countries or developing countries want to catch up or stand on ones own need, implement import substitution strategy to enhance the government intervention in trade. In sass, the strategic trade policy is generally accepted by countries. Because the national policy intervention can change their interests in articulation in the international trade, it often leads to retaliatory measures from other countries. At last, the pursuit of profit redistribution causes international trade friction between countries. What are basic principles of American foreign policy Some scholars believed the interests of the State shall be the basis for America foreign policy some scholars considered domestic values as basis of diplomatic behavior. Other scholars believed that, America diplomatic ideas are composed from three opposing ideas, namely the world liberalism, xenophobia and multiculturalism. This pluralism is based on interest group politics. In other word, American foreign policy is results of conflict and negotiation between different types of interest groups, which include economic, political, ideological, cultural, religious and ethnic groups. However, one theory is often cited social and economic base theory of American foreign policy, which is commercial leading theory. Based on this theory, the wealthy capitalists dominated America society, while political competition is essentially the competition between commercial groups. The powerful economic groups manipulate public opinions and democratic and pluralist politics. Foreign policy bureaucracy mainly enrolls elite from legal, financial and commercial background. These people in the office are closely contacting with commercial circles. American interest group scholar David B. Truman pointed out that interest group is group of people holding the same attitude, who have request from other groups. When it passes the requirements to the government institutions, it becomes a political interest group. Interest group politics is an important feature of American politics. To a certain sense, American politics is the interest politics, in which different interest groups eek and protect their own interests by competing for the government policy. Ill. Causes of Sino-US trade Conflicts America steel workers website published an article August 4, 2008 entitled the poison facts unfair trade killer, which reported a 4-year-old American child died of lead poisoning from swallowing China imported shoes pendant. The article listed a large number of China products problems, environmental pollution, enterprises exploiting workers and illegal use of child labor problems. The article cited that lots of children toys are with poison, and Chinese pet food and seafood are contaminated with toxic drugs and poison. It accused China industrial pollution has made cancer as the Chinese number one killer, China pollution spread toward the international diffusion. ASS and NO with acid rain have fallen into Seoul, Tokyo and Los Angels. 3. 1 Economic Factors 3. 1. 1 Trade deficit There is trade imbalance in Sino-USA trade. With the deepening of globalization, China and America are the worlds largest trading nations, and the amount of bilateral trade continues to grow. Chinas surplus on US has continued to increase. USA economist Stilling raised the economic model to testify that, if the deficit is 1. 5 than GNP, there will be intense friction two countries. Than GNP, it will cause retaliatory measures. If 25 to 30 than GNP, then it is not only an economic problem, but also a political problem. In 2005, the Sino-US trade amounted to 211. 6 billion, Chinas surplus on America was 114. 2 billion, accounting for 53. 7 of the total amount of the Sino-US trade. The size of Sino-US trade imbalance has evolved into a political problem. It can be expected in future, trade friction between China and the United States will exist for a long time, and will continuously upgrade. 3. 1. 2 GAP growth The economic downturn causes the revival of new trade protectionism. In recent ears, American economic downturn and Chinese peaceful rise forms a strong contrast. According to preliminary statistics of USA Ministry of Commerce, American economy grew only 1. 3 at the first quarter of 2007, lower than 1. That analysts had expected, which was the lowest over the past four years, while the decline in housing investment is still the main reason of the economic slowdown. Historical experience shows that, trade protectionism has a certain relationship with economic development. So as long as American domestic industry suffer declining competitiveness and recession, trade protectionism will rise again, and Sino-US trade ruction is inevitable. Since sass, global economic growth is get slow, America also entered a recession. The industrial structure transited from traditional industrial economy to high-tech economy. The traditional industry in the economic lost the cost advantage, and high-tech economy cannot quickly open up the market. This will increase the trade deficit. As everyone knows, America trade policy has dual character, namely implementation of free principle in the export trade and protectionism in the import trade, in accordance with the requirements of the so- called fair trade. Economic inflation and unemployment situation will inevitably lead to the enhancement of American trade protection. And due to WTFO-entering effect. There is a rapid increase in exports in China. For Chinas cheap labor resources, Chinas price of labor-intensive products is lower than the price in the international market, which has a strong price advantage, causing a great impact on American labor-intensive industry. Employment in USA sunset industry is greatly reduced. USA politicians dont want this kind of contradiction intensified, and evolved into peoples dissatisfaction with the government.

Comparison of Babylonian Art vs. Egyptian Art

Comparison of Babylonian Art vs. Egyptian Art Over the history of man, there have been many prosperous empires that ruled in different parts of the world. Babylon and Egypt are two of these empires that ruled almost 500 years apart, but had one thing in common, great artistic works. Wall paintings such as the Babylonian work Investiture of Zimrilim, and the Egyptian Queen Neferati Making an Offering to Isis are examples of the great works of their times. Both pieces are rich in meaning and background, share many similarities, but differences can be seen in their style due to the time periods. The wall paintings Investiture of Zimrilim and Queen Neferati Making an Offering to Isis have backgrounds that let viewers into a small view of their ancient times. The first, Investiture of Zimrilim comes from circa 1750 B.C.E. in the great Babylonian Empire of Mesopotamia. It was constructed on a mud plaster wall of the Palace of Zimrilim, who was a contemporary of the Babylonian Ruler, Hammurabi. The palace was located in the capital city of Mari, about 250 miles north of Babylon. This painting was one of the many extravagant wall paintings Zimrilim had to depict his dominance. It was made to show the empowerment of Zimrilim from the Ishtar, the Babylonian goddess of war, fertility, and love. The piece was eventually destroyed by the Babylonians who turned on Zimrilim and ransacked his palace; however parts of the painting survived. The second piece, Queen Neferati Making an Offering to Isis, also depicts the meeting between a ruler and a deity. This piece, shows the ruler Queen Neferati whose tomb is where the painting rests. It is located in the Valley of Queens, near Deir el-Bahri in Egypt, and was painted between 1279-1212 B.C.E. Within the walls of the tomb are many depictions of the Queen using hieroglyphics to outline the figures. These are placed to show the afterlife of the Queen who was buried with the offerings de...

Starting Your Novel Start Your Author Platform Now - Freewrite Store

Starting Your Novel Start Your Author Platform Now - Freewrite Store Today’s guest post is by Zara Altair  (@ZaraAltair), writer of The Argolicus Mysteries set in ancient Italy.  Zara also coaches budding writers to create winning stories as  The Story Bodyguard  from her home near Portland, Oregon. It’s Never Too Early To Build and Promote In the world of publishing you as an author become a brand. You become a business, an author business, and you need to enter a business mindset. To promote your new author brand, you need a place to do that- your author platform. If you are starting a new novel and you think your fabulous, creative, innovative, engaging, exciting story will sell itself, welcome to reality. It won’t sell itself. You may dream of people reading your book and sharing their enjoyment with others. Before that happens, readers need to know about your novel. The best way to get started letting others know about your novel is through your author platform. Your book will compete with thousands of other books. You need to entice and win your readers to select your book out of the thousands of books out there. If you write in a popular genre, you need to differentiate your story from your competitors. Your author platform is the way you connect with your readers and fans. Provide information about you, the author, and your books on your platform. Why Now? First, if you wait until your novel is completed, or even later until it is published, you miss the chance to connect not only with readers, but with people in the publishing world. Agents want to see your platform before they represent your book. Many agents will not accept a book unless you have a platform designed and in place. You will co-promote with a traditional publisher. The reason the agent wants to see your author platform is that publishers want to know you put energy into promoting your book(s). If you are self-publishing, you will spend time weekly if not daily promoting your work. Creating your author marketing platform takes time. As you grow in experience with your platform, you’ll tweak and tweak again to create the most concise and enticing connection with you, the author. How To Start Your Author Platform The best way to start is with you, the author. You’ll need several author bios to distribute and a professional portrait. These bios will go on your website, social media introductions, press releases, digital publishing author pages (Amazon, Nook, iBooks, etc.), inside your book, on your dust jacket. You’ll need them handy whenever you promote yourself and your books. Book Description Write a description of your book. You will probably revise this many times, but write one. Pretend you are writing the blurb for the back cover. Your book description is not a synopsis of the story. You want targeted readers of your genre to want to buy your book and read it. Tell potential readers the genre up front. Zombie Apocalypse readers won’t read your sweet romance.   Focus on the main character and their challenge. Load your book description with emotional phrases that entice readers to buy your book. Think of your book description as a sales tool to get your readers to connect. Your Author Biographies Yes, you’ll need at least three author bios. Also, you’ll find yourself editing these bios for guest posts, author interviews, and other publicity. Start witha short one, 25-30 words, to post at the end of articles or on social media that does not allow for a long description, like Twitter. Then write at least two more, a 100-word bio and a 300-word bio. If you hire a publicist, or do your own publicity, you may want a 1000 word biography. You will rewrite these many times, but start with something now. A Photo: Your Professional Image Create a formal portrait of yourself both color and black and white. You can do this yourself with a plain background or hire a professional photographer. A formal portrait has a plain background with no distractions, so the focus is on you. Cover Image for Your Book Your book cover and book description are two key elements in book sales. You may think it’s too early to create a cover image, but it will be part of your promotion. Even before the book is out, you’ll want to entice readers.You’ll want this for your website and any promotions you may do. Don’t do this yourself. Your book cover is one of the strongest selling elements. Hire a professional book cover designer. Your cover design can range in price from pre-made where your insert your author name and book title for $25-$50 to a high-end professional who may charge $500 or more. Don’t skimp. Save your pennies to get the best designer you can afford. This is one reason to start early. You’ll spend time finding the right designer for your book cover. Create A Free Giveaway Create a giveaway for readers who join your email list. This can be a short novella, a chapter from your book, background about the theme of your story, or a biography of the main character. Use your imagination to create something special for your followers. Reward them for following you. Create Your Author Website Your author website is your home base. If Amazon, Barnes and Noble, or your publisher go out of business, you’ll still own your website. You can use free website services like WordPress.com or Weebly to get started. Or you can go one step up with a paid service like Squarespace. If you have time and resources, you can become more involved and intricate with a self-hosted website using WordPress.org. You will need to monitor and update the self-hosted website for updates or hire someone to manage the site for you. If you have a large budget, you can hire a website designer to create the site for you. Make sure you have access to add and change text. Basic pages for your website: An introduction to you as an author. Your bio and some words about why you are writing the book. A page just for the book. Give potential readers a taste of the book with the book description and a short excerpt. Once your book is published, you will add links to where readers can buy your book. A blog page. Most free and paid website services include a blog page. Update this with articles regularly, at least once a month if not more. The key is to consistently communicate with readers. Email - The Way to Stay in Touch with Readers However much you may like social media and hate a full email inbox, email is the number one way to stay in touch with your readers. Email is not dead. You’ll communicate in a personal way and respond to questions. So, set up your email functionality now. Even if the first subscribers are your mom and your best friend. Getting your email service set up now will save you time in the future as your list grows. There are several services (autoresponders) that provide email list services. To begin, you can start with a free service like MailChimp. As your list grows, consider a paid service such as AWeber. Set up your email list. Add yourself to the list to check that all your emails go out. Write a sequence of welcoming emails for your autoresponder. Create your invitation to join the list (landing page). Entice people to join with your free giveaway you created. Keep it simple and direct. Write Your Friendly Email Sequence Create a sequence of emails to go to people who join your list. Write a sequence of welcoming emails for your autoresponder. Here’s a sample email welcome sequence and timing: Day One: Thank your new subscriber. Introduce yourself and your books. Link to the free giveaway. Three days after previous: Did you miss the download? Insert the link to your free giveaway again. Keep it short and sweet. Three days after previous. More about how you wrote the book(s). Add your social media connection links and Amazon Author page and website. Invite your subscribers to follow you. One week after previous. A bit about you. Personal what I do. Pets. Activities, Photos of life. Invitation to read one of your books with link. One week after that. Invitation for free books forever by joining the beta readers group, advanced readers. Set up a separate email list for them and put the link in this message. Once again, set up your autoresponder with at least one welcoming message thanking them for their enthusiasm and telling them they will be receiving their advance copy when it is ready. You know how to do this now. Your Author Newsletter Use your email service to send out a newsletter to your fans regularly. Set a schedule and stick to it. Some authors write every day others send out the newsletter once a month. The frequency isn’t as important as the consistency. Each issue of your newsletter keeps your fans engaged. Most email services have an RSS feed service to bring your blog posts into your newsletter. If you write a regular blog, your subscribers will have a link to all the blog posts since your last newsletter. Start your newsletter right away, even if it’s only your mom and best friend on your list. Get yourself in the habit of creating and sending your newsletter. Set your newsletter writing date on your calendar. Set your publication date on your calendar. You’ll develop the habit of consistent communication. Social Media Social media is a great way to increase your exposure. Each platform like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Google+, and others each has a distinct audience. To avoid author overwhelm, choose one social media vehicle as your main interaction focus. You can post on several but focus the majority of your posting and interaction on one. Spend time engaging with others, commenting on their posts, and interacting and sharing new content. Let your personality shine. To set up your social media account, you’ll use the bio, author portrait, and book cover you created in earlier steps. Educate Yourself About Author Marketing Author marketing is a skill set. Read various author help sites like this one. Take notes, test an action to see if it works for you. Then implement the actions that fit with your personal style. You’ve committed to your business as an author; this is your Research and Development. You’ll resonate with some advice and feel uncomfortable with some. If it feels uncomfortable, think about whether it’s because you need to learn a new skill set or if it doesn’t fit you and your readers. If it is a fit, learn the new skill set and incorporate it into your author platform. Successful Authors Manage Writing and Promotion Time The skill you learn from setting up your author platform is the ability to manage writing and promotion time. To be a successful author you need to practice both consistently. You’ll build your audience of readers long before your first novel is finished. They will help you kick start your book launch. Your career as an author is a business. Develop your business skills with your consumers, your readers, by communicating with them. Don’t be afraid to learn as you go. Starting early gives you the opportunity to fine tune before you complete your novel. If all of these activities to set up your author platform seem like work, they are. If you are serious about your novel, you want to give it the most attention you can through your author platform. When you start now, while you are writing your first novel and work on your author platform in tandem with your writing, you will be well positioned to create a successful book launch. New author, tell me your opinion! Have you started your platform? Are you hung-up with keeping it going? What’s your biggest challenge? Tell me in the comments!    Zara Altair  (@ZaraAltair) writes The Argolicus Mysteries set in ancient Italy featuring patrician Argolicus and his lifelong tutor, Nikolaos: The Used Virgin, The Peach Widow, and The Roman Heir. She writes for the web as a semantic copywriter and is working on a book for writers: SEO for Authors.  Zara also coaches budding writers to create winning stories as The Story Bodyguard from her home near Portland, Oregon.

Ensure a safe workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Ensure a safe workplace - Essay Example It also gives procedures for risk management at workplace and other important considerations regarding workplace health and safety. Table of Contents Content Page Title Page 1 Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 List of Tables 4 Introduction 5 Assignment 1 5 Report on Proposed WHS Management System 5 Employer’s Responsibilities 6 Portfolio of Evidence 9 Amended WHS Policy to Apply Nationally 9 Political Policy Considerations 10 Policy Considerations on Implementation 11 Assignment 2 13 WHS Risk Management Policy 14 Risk Management Procedure 15 WHS Action Plans 18 Role Play Dialogue 23 Assignment 3 24 Recommendations for Safest Workplace Conditions and Compliance 25 References 31 List of Tables Table Page Table of Resources 11 Risk Management Procedure Table 15 Role Play 21 Description of Implementation plan for WHS Recommendations 27 Typical training/safety induction Schedule 29 Safe Workplace Introduction Workplace health and safety has in the present times become one of the great concerns at workplaces. This has seen legislations and policies being formulated to help ensure safety and sound health are maintained in every workplace or work environment. This paper gives details on issues relating to Workplace Health and Safety (WHS) with regards to a case of the Australian Hardware. The paper gives reviews on different scenarios relating to the hardware while also identifying areas which need implementations in ensuring there are enhanced standards of health and safety at workplaces. Assignment 1 Report on Proposed WHS Management System The proposed Workplace Health and Safety Management System (WHSMS) will look into many issues which are of concern as far as safety and sound health are in the working environment. This is processed so as to ensure that there are minimized rates of risk due to injuries or even cases of illness. These are supposed to be put in place by the employers at any given workplace environment and with particular reference to organizatio nal settings. The WHSMS was therefore accomplished by way of identifying, evaluating, assessing, monitoring and putting control measures of risks and hazards to workers with respect to all operations at workplaces. The complexity and scope of this WHSMS will have variations depending on the kind of workplace as well as the nature of operations and activities being carried out. This is because different work practices command different health and safety needs relative to what they are involved in in terms of operations, equipment, nature of work and the environment within which it is carried out in. A number of concerns as presented below have to be considered in WHSMS through employers. Employer’s Responsibilities One of the key consideration which the WHSMS focused on was responsibilities of the employer ate the workplace, for this case a hardware scenario in Australia. As an employer one is required and obliged by law to ensure that he protects his workers’ health, s afety and welfare (INCOSE, 2010, p. 216). The same should be ensured to other people who gain access to the workplace who can be adversely affected following work operations and activities carried out at the workplace therein. These considerations have to be under and guided by Work Health and Safety Act as stipulated by legislation in place. According to PMI (2008), as an employer, one is responsible for providing adequate

Criminal Justice Process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal Justice Process - Research Paper Example This essay declares that the different types of courts are high court, federal court and the state court. These different courts play different roles, but there are roles that seem to be similar but enforced in different capacities. The courts enforce laws. A common example of the law’s enforcement is in the case of copyright infringement, where the courts are mandated to enforce the laws that govern. The courts have the responsibility of interpreting the laws, and especially to laymen who may not easily understand the terms used. The legal profession uses words and phrases that are easily understandable to people in the profession, and who refer to each other as learned friend. The courts should also be able to define terms which are easily understandable, as their use in different clauses of laws will have different meanings As the paper stresses the courts enjoy the privilege to invalidate unconstitutional laws. These unconstitutional laws are laws that are contrary to the constitution. The constitution is perceived as the most important law of a country. Some of the unconstitutional laws claim that the constitution violates stipulations in the bill of rights. The courts also have the role of making laws. They are able to create common laws, which may not be covered with statutes. In many state laws, right to individuals privacy and publicity are protected under these common laws.

International and Strategic Marketing Essay Example for Free

International and Strategic Marketing Essay The globalization of business markets from domestic to international has generated a unique competitive advantage for all the organizations whose products and services are being welcomed by the customers all around the world demanding mass marketing efforts. In this regard, marketing research in the international environment is having different methodology and complications with respect to geographical boundaries of a specific country in which penetration and development of a product is required. Therefore, an international market planning with strategic aligned goal, for development in the global world should be the objective of marketers to captivate international market leadership. Introduction The gravity of globalization in today’s modern era in the business world is increasing enormously due to faster means of communication, transportation, technology, and rapid financial streams. The product that is being produced in a specific region does not have limitations of boundaries. A Russian student can be wearing Italian T-shirt, driving in a German car going to meet his friend in a Chinese restaurant. This example is not astonishing because it is a general practice and nowadays everybody can illustrate the true meaning of world global market place. Hence, marketers are required to analyze this gravity of globalization and have to consider international marketing in their strategic goal of marketing plan. Marketing is the well known concept of anticipating customer need or demand then analyzing how marketers are going to fulfill that demand or need and finally satisfying customer need or demand. If the customer is really satisfied by gauging the ultimate benefit from that product or service provided by the marketer than it develops a sense of strong relationship between the customer and the organization, in which the organization give value to the customer and in return customer give value to them by building a strong profitable relationship (Kotler, Armstrong, 2008). International marketing concept is also the same as the general defined concept of marketing but the methodology to enter and penetrate in the international market is not the same as it is in domestic marketing. Indeed the tools and skills to enter in the international market is same but their application differs due the factors which include economy, political and legal system, and most importantly culture and buying behavior of the nation. Hence, the ideology of international marketing can be gauged in this way that the organization which offers its products and services by planning, pricing, promoting, and distributing to more than one nation other than domestic market to earn higher profit   (Cateora et al., 2002). Internationalized Business Operations Many potential organizations tend to bring their operation on global level rather than national level. When the companies move to internationalization the complexity and sophistication of operations change enormously. The basic guidelines for the companies orienting in international market are described by EPRG framework (Wind, Douglas, Perlmutter, 1973). This framework deals with four types of orientation of company going to international market which are: a. Ethnocentrism: In this type of orientation, top management is highly focusing on domestic market as compared to foreign market because its products have already stable and reasonable demand in domestic market. Company considers their foreign sales as surplus to their domestic sales. b. Polycentrism: It is the attitude which arises when the company recognizes that its multi domestic products strategies would not be successful in the host country if the orientation method is same as domestic orientation. Hence, a different marketing program to enter in the international market is required by the company. c. Regiocentrism: In these stages company identifies the similarities of the entire region and enters the regional market by developing integrated strategies of marketing. Such types of orientation capture geographically and economically integrated region such as NAFTA and European Union. d. Geocentrism: In this type of approach company consider the entire global market as its potential market place. This is one of the most important and critical type of approach when companies make single policies for the entire world market. The organizations should have prior focus on going globally because this approach has a great future. Hence, it is proved as well that organizations which are growing globally have gathered tremendous success in the past decades.   International marketing environment An optical company introduced eye glasses in Thailand by running advertizing campaign of cute animals wearing glasses. The advertisement featuring animal was a pathetic choice as in Thailand animals are considered to be the sign of low life and was not respectful for Thais to take that thing which was being used by animal due to which the company had to suffer a loss in spite of modern and unique design of their product (Payne, website). So the main fault was of the company’s marketing research team that they did not gathered   appropriate knowledge of Thai culture and have misjudged the society in which they are going to enter. They did not realize the fact that the marketing environment would be different from the domestic market in which they have achieved the strategic position. When the organization takes the decision of going beyond the domestic market then it needs to cater that there will be significant national differences which will create a different marketing environment than the one it is serving now. This reflects the very fact that the research is need to be conducted in those highlighting factors which will affect its strategic marketing goals. There are many ways by which research can be conducted out of which asking question is the most effective one by which an appropriate answer is obtained (Kumar, 2000). Marketing Research in Saudi Arabia If the analysis is conducted on the differences of factors in the international marketing environment of a country named as Saudi Arabia then it is observed that the main highlighting factors which are to be considered in doing research and which differentiate people of one nation to another are discussed below; a. Culture: Nation with different cultures has different traditional values and demand those products which are not vulnerable to their culture. Saudi Arabia is a Muslim country having Arabs traditional values, they will highly support and promote the product in Saudi market which will either promote their culture or at least accept their culture. b. Economic condition: The economic condition of the nation should be highly considered in marketing research because it defines the purchasing power of the customer which is the main origin of marketing. In Saudi market maximum companies offer luxurious and expensive products because the purchasing power of the nation is high because of rich government having vast amount of natural resources. c. Racial differences: It defines the different physical features of the nation. Like the cosmetic product would be different for the customers of Saudi Arabia as compared to the customers of U.S.A. It is located in such region of Asia in which people have generally different colored skin which is opposite to U.S. nation which do not have the same skin as Saudis’ have. In this regard, the marketing program for the Saudi nation for particularly cosmetic products would be different from that of U.S.A. d. Climate: It defines the different meteorological condition of the country because it has a great impact on the products which have seasonal demands. Saudi Arabia is considered as the hot climate country in which temperature normally rises to 55 0F. For such a hot weather country marketers have taken that as opportunity for them and have introduced such air conditioning system which can sustain the temperature of Saudi Arabia. There would be consider an immature marketing program if the products which are not suitable with the climate of the country are introduced because they are not compatible for that region neither they have market demand in that region. e. Religion: It does reflect in the marketing, in the sense that the product whose ingredients are controversial. In Saudi Arabia the concept of Halal food restricts the entire food manufacturers to penetrate in its markets that violate it and in the same way alcoholic drinks are also not allowed because of their religious jurisdiction. f. Language: In international marketing research, it is one of the most important aspects because it is the effective means of communication and if it is not used in appropriate manner, can cause reverse affect on marketing efforts. Arabic is the native language of Saudi nation and mostly they are unable to understand English, which is a universal language. So, the marketers have analyzed that their all promotion efforts should be translated in Arabic so that the customer really get to know that what the product all about is. Similarly, there are also other factors which marketers have to analyze in the international marketing research mode of environment it has targeted like market facilities and capabilities, political stability of the country, nation psyche etc.

america :: essays research papers

Americans/America America is it truly known to be the land of freedom, opportunity and different culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Hayden in his book of collected poems speaks about America and its different culture and problem. He explains by using different views and perspective to demonstrate what he think of America and Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Robert Hayden â€Å"American Journal Hayden had a Alien go and observe America. The Alien explains that America is a country of multi-cultural difference and that Americans are very energetic. As he continue to examine he explain that America is a land of violence and ghetto and that it is like that because Americans allow it to be that way. Hayden uses images to discuss most of what the alien see. He is saying America is full of different culture, it’s the land of freedom and although it’s like that some people take advantage of it. Although America has its problem Hayden explain that the alien is attached and he like it. The alien cannot name or tell what it is about America that has him attach but he just like it in America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Words in the mourning time† Hayden begins to explain America as self-destructive, and self-betrayed. He feels Americans fear death everyday and to be a human Americans have to achieve it. Hayden then goes on to explain the hunger problem Americans face. There are many homeless and hungry Americans. In the poem he uses the images of someone sitting at a table and a hungry man come and take their food. He then goes on to explain that America is all about killing no matter who get hurt as long as it’s not the American people. Hayden uses the Vietnam War as an example when the village and the innocent school student were brutally killed. Hayden then explain America to be violent within there society the Americans kill each other. He explains that America is full of ghetto and slums. He explain that although young boys from decent Americans homes are going around killing each other (98) American man should not be frightened to the evil’s that America face, they should go on struggling to be recognized as human. Ignore the racism and the threat, just remember that man are man and should be permitted to be a man. (98)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Rag man† Hayden uses an image of a man who is homeless and is walking the cold winter streets in just rags.

Prepare a Report

How to Write a Project Report 1. Why is the report important? If you wish to secure a good mark for your project, it is absolutely essential that you write a good report. It is the report which is marked, not the program or anything else you might have constructed during the project period. No matter how significant your achievements, if you do not write up your work, and write it up well, you will obtain a poor mark. It is essential to understand that the report will be read and marked by a number of examiners (normally 2 – 4), only one of whom – your supervisor – will have any familiarity with the work which the report describes.Examiners are not mind-readers, and cannot give credit for work which you have done but not included in the report. 2. What are the examiners looking for? Each project report is marked initially by two examiners, one of whom is the supervisor. Each examiner fills in an online  mark form, giving marks for various aspects of the report and an overall mark. Studying the mark sheet will give you a good idea of what aspects of the report are important. The notes to examiners which accompany the mark sheet use the terms â€Å"perfect†, â€Å"quite good†, â€Å"abysmal† and so on to describe the attributes of a particular numerical mark (e. . 5 is â€Å"satisfactory†). There is a separate document which goes into great detail about what precisely â€Å"satisfactory† means in particular contexts, but I'm not sure that these definitions are widely used: most examiners believe that they have an accurate and objective understanding of what is â€Å"satisfactory†. Note that supervisors might specify on the mark sheet that a particular aspect of the project is to be assessed – for example, a review of the project area – even if that area is not covered in the project report.Decisions on what is to be assessed are the supervisor's responsibility, but you should be aware of the standard headings, think carefully about what you present (or do not present) under each, and discuss and agree it with your supervisor. Remember that your report is an academic dissertation, not a popular article or commercial proposal. For example, rather than describing only a series of events and a final product, try to establish criteria, present arguments, derive principles, pose and answer questions, measure success, analyse alternatives nd so on. Where a project has been undertaken with industrial support, the significance of that support for the project, and the relevance of the project to the supporting industry, should be discussed. 3. The mechanics of writing The problem you have to solve is this: to transfer your own experiences of doing the project, and the knowledge you have gained, from your brain onto paper in a coherent, logical and correct form. There are several ways of achieving this. Different authors have different techniques.My own method, which I thin k is quite common among technical authors, is to write as quickly as I can, without regard for coherency, structure or order, until I have written down (or rather, typed in) all the points I can think of. If my brain is running faster than my fingers and a thought pops into my head which belongs in another part of the document, I skip to the end of the page and insert a few words there to remind me to expand that point later, then resume where I was. The aim is to transfer as much relevant material from brain to paper as quickly as possible. This method has been called the â€Å"brain dump†.It is practised, I think, by some writers of fiction as well as by technical authors. After three hours of â€Å"brain dumping† I might have four or five pages of disorganized text. I then spend perhaps six hours putting the text into order and tightening up the prose, after which I might have three pages of good-quality prose. This method of writing is an iterative process, with pe riods of â€Å"brain dumping† alternating with periods of tidying-up. At the rate of three pages of polished text every nine hours, a typical 60-page PR3 project report will take you about four weeks to complete, working full-time.You must allow time to prepare the appendices (e. g. program listings) and illustrations. Good-quality illustrations, in particular, take a long time to prepare. You should therefore allow at least  six weeks  to write the report. If you kept a note-book during the project period, you will find the writing-up process much easier. 4. How to write well Many students appear not to realize how difficult it is to write well. Any type of writing (except perhaps advertising copy) is difficult, but technical writing is particularly hard. There are many books which address the subject of good technical writing.By far the best among those which I have seen is  Scientists Must Write  by Robert Barrass (1982). Though published over twenty years ago, thi s superb little book is still in print. There are several copies in the J. B. Morrell library, but since it costs only ? 11. 19 (from the  Internet Bookshop), you would be well advised to buy a copy and to read it from cover to cover. 4. 1. Precision You must strive first to be absolutely precise. When you write, it is not sufficient that  you  know what you mean; neither is it sufficient that your writing admits of the meaning which you intend: it must admit of no other meaning.What you write must not be capable of misinterpretation. Take exceptional care to choose the right word for the occasion. Do not, for example, write â€Å"optimum† if you mean â€Å"good†. â€Å"Approximate† means â€Å"close†, so â€Å"very approximate† means â€Å"very close† – which is not what many people seem to think it means. 4. 2. Vigour Precision in writing is mainly a matter of taking sufficient care. Good writing is not only precise, however, it is  vigorous, and that is much harder to achieve. It helps if you have read widely, especially novels. Here are some hints which might help you to write forcefully and vigorously.Prefer short sentences to long sentences. Prefer short words to long words, provided that the short word has the meaning you need. Terseness is a great virtue in technical writing. (But don't go too far; remember Horace's observation: â€Å"Brevis esse laboro, obscurus fio†. ) Avoid circumlocutions. â€Å"In almost all sectors of the computing marketplace† can be replaced in most contexts by â€Å"almost everywhere†. The question of whether to use the passive voice in technical writing is a thorny one. Most older writers still write â€Å"a program was written †¦ † rather than â€Å"I wrote a program †¦ ‘. Many of your examiners might share this preference for, or prejudice in favour of, the passive voice, but this style is passing out of favour in all techn ical writing, and I advise you not to use it. Whatever you do, do not use the â€Å"royal we† (â€Å"we wrote a program† when you mean â€Å"I wrote a program†). There is general agreement that Latin phrases are best avoided in technical writing (but the occasional Latin quotation might lend a spurious air of erudition! ) Nevertheless, many careful writers have their own favourite Latin phrases which find occasional use.The best rule is that a Latin phrase is acceptable if it abbreviates a circumlocutionary English phrase. Mutatis mutandis, for example, one of my own favourites, is permissible in place of â€Å"making the appropriate changes†, since any English gloss seems to be ugly and unwieldy. â€Å"I. e. † (note the roman font and punctuation) is often useful in place of â€Å"in other words† or â€Å"that is†, and is widely understood. Quite often, however, â€Å"X, i. e. ,  Y† can be replaced by â€Å"Y†, becaus e the writer realized while writing  X  that  Y  said the same, only better. â€Å"E. g. ‘ is overused and best used sparingly; prefer â€Å"for instance† or â€Å"for example†. 4. 3. Spelling and grammar You must take exceptional care to spell correctly. Poor spelling is a distraction to the proficient reader. In most cases there is very little excuse nowadays for spelling errors; there are many excellent spell-checker programs which make a good job of finding the errors for you, and excellent (paper) dictionaries which will tell you what the correct spelling is. Be especially careful with words whose common misspelling is a correct spelling of a different word, in particular the following pairs: lead/led; loose/lose; affect/effect.It is dangerous to allow the spell-checker to â€Å"correct† a misspelling by itself; many such hilarious â€Å"corrections† have been reported, for example recently in  New Scientist. Believe the spell-checke r. Very many people, for example, on finding that the spell-checker questions â€Å"idiosyncracy† [sic], say to themselves â€Å"it must be missing from the dictionary file†, and leave the word alone. It is – for a good reason. If you have a medical condition which makes it difficult for you to spell correctly, make sure that your supervisor knows about it, so that it can be taken into account by the examiners.If poor spelling is a distraction which impedes understanding, poor grammar is more so. There are so many potential grammatical solecisms that it would be inappropriate to attempt to list them here. Read Fowler's  Modern English Usage  for guidance. This book has been revised several times since its first publication in 1926. The most recent (1998) edition is probably the best to use, not because its recommendations are more permissive or up-to-date, but because it draws attention to traps which it would not have occurred to Fowler in 1926 that anyone could fall into.The original 1926 edition is famous for its vigorous, fiery language, which has been successively watered down in later revisions. Take care with apostrophes. Historically, the apostrophe denoted the omission of one or more letters: don't = do not, John's book = John his book. For this reason, careful writers of British English restrict the possessive use of the apostrophe to animate possessors. You may write â€Å"John's book† but not â€Å"the program's function†, since (so the argument goes) one cannot write â€Å"the program his function†: you must write â€Å"the function of the program† instead.This rule is being steadily eroded under American influence, and will probably soon be obsolete. I mention the â€Å"animate possessor† rule in order to illustrate and to explain a very common blunder. Never  use an apostrophe with a possessive pronoun. â€Å"It's† means â€Å"it is† (the letter that's omitted is an â₠¬Å"i†),  not  Ã¢â‚¬Å"it his†, which is plain silly. One never sees spurious apostrophes in his, hers, ours, yours, theirs; so why does one so often see â€Å"it's† in place of â€Å"its†, which is the correct possessive pronoun?The brain of the experienced reader, on seeing â€Å"it's†, performs a lexical-level macro-expansion, replacing â€Å"it's† by â€Å"it is†. This then fails to make syntactic sense in the context, necessitating a backtracking and re-parsing operation, and conscious expenditure of effort. It really does slow down, and consequently annoy, the reader. This crass and ignorant blunder probably does more to distract and to impede the reader of students' reports than any other grammatical solecism. Summary: â€Å"it's† = â€Å"it is† (needed rarely, if at all, in formal writing). â€Å"Its† is the pronoun (This is my program.Its purpose is to †¦ .) You almost certainly mean â€Å"its†. Even if you yourself do not place a strong emphasis on good spelling and good grammar, most of your examiners do, some fanatically. Most examiners will be irritated by poor spelling and poor grammar. It is always worth doing whatever you can, short of bribery, to put your examiner in a good mood. Write well and spell well, for this reason if for no other! 4. 4. Typography When I prepared my own final-year project report, I wrote it with pen and ink and handed the manuscript to the departmental secretary who typed it for me on an IBM typewriter.Modern practice is different, and now you yourself are responsible for producing a computer-typeset report. This means that you must be familiar both with the formal requirements set out in the Students' Handbook (restricting the number of pages, type size, width of margins, and so on) and with the rudiments of typography. You will not be penalized severely, if at all, if you violate typographical conventions, but good typography creates a subliminal impression akin to that of good proportion in a painting, and is desirable for that reason. Since it is a matter of simply learning and following the rules, you should try to do so.You should learn at least enough (for example) to know the difference between the hyphen, minus, en-dash and em-dash, and when to use each of them. The best and most famous typographical reference book is  Rules for compositors and readers at the University Press, Oxford  by Horace Hart, known colloquially and universally as â€Å"Hart's Rules†. It is a small book which you should probably read from cover to cover, but you may skip the section on Russian orthography if your report contains no Russian words. This book, like Fowler, has been revised continually since its first publication (in 1904, though it was in use within the O. U. P. ince 1893). The latest edition is dated 1983. It is still in print, almost a century after its first publication, and at ? 8. 79 (from the  Interne t Bookshop), well worth buying. 4. 5. Illustrations Your report should generally contain illustrations (figures or diagrams), but they must be relevant. Ask yourself if the illustration helps the reader to understand the text. If the text is readily comprehensible without the illustration, delete the illustration. If it is not, it is usually better to make the text clearer than to add a diagram. All illustrations should be prepared by an appropriate program, such as  pic,  xfig  or  grap.They should not be hand-drawn. The only common exception to this rule is circuit diagrams: given the current state of the art in schematic-entry packages, a hand-drawn circuit diagram is usually preferable to a computer-drawn one. If possible, include figures close to the text which refers to them, rather than all together in an appendix. Circuit diagrams are, again, a possible exception to this rule. It is normal to list tables and figures at the beginning of the report, after the table of contents. 5. Structure Saepe stilum vertas. – Horace 5. 1. Top-level structure At the top level, a typical report is organized in the following way. 1.Abstract. (This is a couple of paragraphs – no more – which summarizes the content of the report. It must be comprehensible to someone who has not read the rest of the report. ) 2. Introduction. (The scope of the project, setting the scene for the remainder of the report. ) 3. Previous work. (One or more review chapters, describing the research you did at the beginning of the project period. ) 4. Several chapters describing what you have done, focusing on the novel aspects of your own work. 5. Further work. (A chapter describing possible ways in which your work could be continued or developed. Be imaginative but realistic. ) 6.Conclusions. (This is similar to the abstract. The difference is that you should assume here that the reader of the conclusions has read the rest of the report. ) 7. References and appendice s. 5. 2. References References must be relevant. A typical PR3 project report might contain about one page of pertinent references, if the initial research period was well spent. Do not include references which you have not read, no matter how relevant you think they might be. If you refer to standard material which is covered by a large number of text-books, choose one or two really good ones and cite those, rather than a long list of mediocre texts.There are many styles for citing references. Although strict standards (e. g. British Standards) for citing references exist, my advice is not to bother with them; instead, find a reputable journal in the library and copy its style. Alternatively, copy the example below. It's important to be consistent, complete and unambiguous; beyond that, it doesn't matter much what you do. Example citation style: Citations in text:Mander, in â€Å"Notes on a system specification method† [Mander 1983], gives the following †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ as des cribed by Briggs [1983a] †¦Thimbleby's guidelines [Thimbleby 1983] suggest that †¦ Different methodologies have been examined [Tully 1983]. Several recent publications in this field [Wand 1980d, ACM 1971] have been very influential. List of references at end of report: References| ACM 1971. | Association for Computing Machinery,  Second symposium on problems in the optimisation of data communication systems, ACM (1971). | Briggs 1983a. | J. S. Briggs, â€Å"The design of AIR and its use in Ada separate compilation†, in  SERC workshop on Ada software tools interfaces, ed. P. J. Wallis, University of Bath (1983). Downes 1982. | V. A. Downes, S. J. Goldsack,  Programming embedded systems with Ada, Prentice-Hall (1982). | Mander 1983. | K. C. Mander,  Notes on a system specification method, York Computer Science report no. 61, University of York (1983). | Thimbleby 1983. | H. W. Thimbleby, â€Å"Guidelines for `manipulative' text editing†,  Behaviour an d Information Technology,  2, 127 – 161 (1983). | | If you adopt this style, when you cite a reference, you need not repeat the author's name or authors' names (â€Å"Jones and Sanderson [Jones & Sanderson 1999] have shown †¦ †).Write instead: â€Å"Jones and Sanderson [1999] have shown †¦ †, and list the reference as â€Å"Jones & Sanderson 1999†. Alternatively, a system of numbered references, such as the default format produced by the Unix  refer  tool in conjunction with  troff, is acceptable. I myself much prefer numbered citation styles, which I find much less obtrusive and easier on the eye; e. g. â€Å"Jones and Sanderson? have shown †¦ † or â€Å"Jones and Sanderson [1] have shown †¦ †. These forms, which are allowed by the regulations in the Handbook, seem to be the two dominant citation styles in academic journals.You may wish to refer to electronic sources, particularly material found on the World-Wide Web. It is not enough to put â€Å"found on WWW† in place of a citation. The web page â€Å"Bibliographic Formats for Citing Electronic Information† gives advice on citing on-line sources. If possible, avoid citing unpublished literature. It is however acceptable to cite university reports, such as this Department's YCS series, and PhD theses (although getting hold of the latter can be almost impossible). â€Å"References† are always cited in the text. Other works you've made use of but not cited should be listed in a section called â€Å"Bibliography†.Note that â€Å"et al. † requires a period after the abbreviation â€Å"al. † (for â€Å"alia†). It means â€Å"and others†, and may be used only to refer to people, typically in lists of references. It is the animate form of â€Å"etc. †, which also requires a period. 5. 3. Lower-level structure Structure is a recursive concept. A well-structured report has its top-level sections well ordered, and it is easy to get this right; but each section must in itself be well ordered, and that is more difficult. Most paper documents, and many on-line documents, are read linearly from beginning to end.This is certainly true of an examiner reading a project report. Consequently, the writer of a well-structured document avoids forward references wherever possible. Try to avoid writing â€Å"†¦ as we shall see in chapter 10, †¦ †, especially if the material in chapter 10 is essential to an understanding of the text at the point where the reference occurs. Occasionally such references are unavoidable, but more often than not they are a sign that the text needs to be re-ordered. In the old days, re-ordering text entailed â€Å"cutting and pasting† with real scissors and real paste.Nowadays, the word-processor has made these operations so easy that there is no excuse for slovenly structure. Take your time, and keep rearranging words or phras es within sentences, sentences within paragraphs, paragraphs within sections and sections within the whole report until you have got it right. Aim for a logical progression from beginning to end, with each sentence building on the previous ones. If the chapters are numbered 1, 2, 3, †¦ , then the sections within (say) chapter 1 will be numbered 1. 1, 1. 2, †¦ . It is permissible to sub-divide a section: the sub-sections within section 1. 1 will be numbered 1. . 1, 1. 1. 2, †¦ . Do not however nest sub-sections to more than four levels: sub-sub-section 1. 2. 3. 4 is acceptable, but 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 is not. It is quite possible, with care, to write even a large and complex book without using more than three levels. Footnotes are a nuisance to the reader. They interrupt the linear flow of text and necessitate a mental stack-pushing and stack-popping which demand conscious effort. There are rare occasions when footnotes are acceptable, but they are so rare that it is best to avoid them altogether. To remove a footnote, first try putting it in-line, surrounded by parentheses.It is likely that the poor structure which was disguised by the footnote apparatus will then become apparent, and can be improved by cutting and pasting. 6. The role of artefacts in projects Deep down, all students seem to believe that their project is â€Å"to write a program† (or, â€Å"to build a circuit†). They believe that they will be judged by how much their program does. They are amazed when their supervisor is unconcerned about the inclusion or non-inclusion of a listing in the report. They fear that they will be penalized if their program is small-scale or if they do not make grandiose claims for its power and functionality.This leads to reports heavy with code and assertions about code, but light on reasoning. Students omit the reasoning because they are short of time and think the code more important, and thereby they lose credit they could have had. It lea ds also to the omission of testing. Hence there are assertions about the extent of implementation, but no evidence (in the form of records of testing) to back them up. In summary, credit for the implementation is not the whole story; you should not feel under pressure to make claims that you cannot support.Your reports should clearly separate specification, design, implementation and testing. â€Å"The program does  X† should more honestly be â€Å"I wanted the program to do  X; I designed it to do nearly-X; I implemented it to do most-of-X; my testing shows that it did some-of-X  (and here is the evidence of that)†. Taking this advice into account can much improve your mark. 7. You and your supervisor Writing is a solitary pursuit. Whereas your supervisor will guide you through the early stages of your project work, you must write the report on your own.It is a University assessment, and the rules on plagiarism and collusion (do consult the Students' Handbook! ) , and the conventions which restrict the amount of help a supervisor can give, apply. Nevertheless, most supervisors will be happy to read and to comment on drafts of sections of your project report before you hand it in, if you give them enough time to do so. It's also a good idea to ask your supervisor to suggest some high-quality past projects in a similar field to yours, and to look them up in the departmental library.This will give you an idea of what is required. 8. Summary 1. Good writing is difficult, but it is worth taking the trouble to write well. 2. Leonard was trying to form his style on Ruskin: he understood him to be the greatest master of English prose. He read forward steadily, occasionally making a few notes. â€Å"Let us consider a little each of these characters in succession, and first (for of the shafts enough has been said already), what is very peculiar to this church – its luminousness. † Was there anything to be learnt from this fine sentence? Could he adapt it to the needs of daily life? Could he introduce it, with modifications, when he next wrote a letter to his brother, the lay reader? For example: â€Å"Let us consider a little each of these characters in succession, and first (for of the absence of ventilation enough has been said already), what is very peculiar to this flat – its obscurity. † Something told him that the modifications would not do; and that something, had he known it, was the spirit of English Prose. â€Å"My flat is dark as well as stuffy. † Those were the words for him.

Pain in the Chain

Exceso is a hypothetical company taken from a Harvard Case Study. In reference to the four assigments we want to present our analyze. The Case study describes the situation of Exceso, which is a manufacture and the supply chain of Exceso. The Situation shows that they are obviously in trouble. In the following we try to summarize their problems. As the manufacture in the supply chain they have many different problems. It seems to be that they have over-ambitious sales targets, which affected the whole supply chain process. Furthermore Exceso heavily discounting their products in order to increase their customer base.Perhaps that leads to more trouble in the next period. â€Å"If we go with deeper discounts, we’ll move more product. Duh! But it’s not going to sell through. It’ll end up in their warehouse. We know that. † This quotation shows that Exceso could have problem to increase their turnover in the next period because the market is saturated. Based o n your analysis we want to offer some solutions in order to improve the situation of Exceso. We try to provide a suggestion on an optimal supply chain design. As a start Exceso have to change their output obsessed outlook and shall adhere to their customers’ demands.All participants in the supply chain have to work together. They need a collaborative, planning system. This involve a strong tie relationship between Exceso and their distributors. Furthermore they have to work out a shared interest business plan. They have to amalgamate their forecasts, where possible. Finally they need a demand-based product mix planning. How could be this aims be achieved? What is necessary to be done for implementing your suggestion? In our opinion they could implement an electronic data interchange system (EDI) for example a supplier – portal based on an internet-platform.EDI is very useful in the supply chain because it helps to structure the information flow. Moreover the communicat ion with EDI leads to more speed in which trading partner receives and incorporates the information in comparison to paper documents. Likewise it could reduce errors such as shipping an billing errors. Finally it will hopefully keep disparities between over- and underproduction to a minimum. Sharing information could replace high stocks and perhaps they are able to handle increasing demands.

Mao Tse-Tung biography essays

Mao Tse-Tung biography essays Mao Tse-Tung was born in Hunan 1893 into a family a poor peasants who gradually risen to the status of middle class then on to rich peasants and gained merchants. He then found himself in a contradictory position. Maos poor clothes placed him in a position naturally inferior to that of his fellow classmates. This early experience may well have cause in him an unclear attitude toward social problems. Mao had a rebellious attitude because he has been treated as a low-grade person. But he also had a feeling of unity with those of the same level of power as him. Like most young Chinese at his time was exposed to a variety of modernization influences. When he was thirteen he read Warnings to the seemingly prosperous Age and he was really influenced by the book. This was a request for freedom for private enterprise.Mao loved to read Chinese literature. WMhile a student in higher primary school he read on of the books by Liang Chi-chao and a book about Kang Yu- wei and the reform movement. These two great reformers Kang and Liang became his models. If a person were to characterize Maos mind and personality and behavior it would have to be his military strength, great courage and how he is on nationalism. Mao learned more of the importance in military power from the six month he spent in the anti-Manchu army after the revolution of October 1911. Mao is the founder and first leader of the Chinese communist party. This Chinese communist party worked together to reunite China. After the bloody communist fight with nationalist Chiang Kai-shek in 1927 Mao established a base in southern Kiangsi province. He started to put into practice his ideas into practice a revolutionary peasantry by a guerrilla was against the government. Mao proclaimed the people of China on October 1st, 1949.Instead of continuing the five year plan Mao came up with two procedures; The great leap forward a wide campaign to org...

A SWOT Analysis Of PTCL Systems

A SWOT Analysis Of PTCL Systems There is no skimpy competitor of PTCL in landline but with the growth of telecommunication business of Pakistan rivalry increasing specially in mobile phone sector. There are more then 800 million subscribers of cellular phone. There are 03 big players in mobile phone industry but 3 of them are the competitor of PTCL: Mobilink, Telenor, Warid Tel. Mobilink is the largest mobile phone company of Pakistan. Mobilink is currently having more then 31,958,597 users base which is the 36% of total cellular industry of Pakistan. Mobilink is basically challenging Ufone which is subsidiaries of PTCL. Telenor is another cell phone company it have 17,841,074 subscribers which is 20 % of total mobile industry. Warid Tel Waridtel is also providing cell phone services in Pakistan. Waridtel have more than 15,114,678 subscribers which are 17% of Pakistan mobile industry. NEW COMPETITORS Other than mobile Economic forces Social, cultural, demographic, and environmental forces Political, governmental and legal forces Technological forces Competitive forces etc Internal factors are; Marketing strength of firm Financial/Accounting resources Management Computer information system Production/operations etc Why SWOT analysis A SWOT Analysis is conducted by the company so that it is able to position itself to take advantage of particular opportunities in the environment and to avoid or minimize environmental threats. In doing so, the organization attempts to emphasize its strengths and moderate the impact of weaknesses. The analysis is also useful for uncovering strengths that have not been fully utilized and in identifying weaknesses that can be corrected. Matching information about the environment with the organization’s capabilities enables management to formulate realistic strategies for attaining its goals. Strengths A professional management is running PTCL. PTCL Management is continuously allocating funds for new technology, enhancing knowledge pool, acquiring profession ally skilled personnel and so many arrangements regarding meeting the requirements of rapidly changing environment. PTCL has the largest network coverage in the country including almost all the cities and their peripheries which others lack yet. The company has got a very vast and very strong infrastructure within the country based on the landline network

W.E.B. DuBois life and role in the history of education Essay

W.E.B. DuBois life and role in the history of education - Essay Example William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was an influential African American intellectual leader in the United States, who lived between 1868 and 1963.As a sociologist, historian, civil right activist, Pan-Africanist, author, editor and educator, W.E.B. Du Bois explored scholarship, integration, national self determination, human rights, cultural and economic separatism, politics, third world solidarity, expatriation and international communism as possible solutions to the issue of racism that was prevalent in the twentieth century America society in which he lived (Lewis, 2001). W.E.B. Du Bois emerged in the limelight through his opposition to Booker T. Washington alleged idea of accommodation as a solution to the problems affecting the African-American population (Calhoun et al., 2009). In place of the idea of accommodation, W.E.B. Du Bois advocated increased political participation of African Americans to ensure civil rights and challenged African-Americans to achieved greater successes i n their endeavors and become exceptional leaders in their communities to ensure progress of the African-American race. Indeed, W.E.B Du Bois suggested that African-Americans should focus on obtaining higher education in the liberal arts as this will equip them to negotiate and change a society that is dominated by racism, hate and prejudice (Alridge 2008). As a mixed-race son of a lone impoverished mother, W.E.B. Du Bois faced challenges that shaped his educational ideology. He worked after-school to support himself and his mother, who could not work as a result of stroke. His childhood experiences and those at school; in addition to the relationships he forged while at schools nourished his ideology that education provides the means through which African American can advance their socio-economic standing. Life of W.E.B. Du Bois: events that shape his thoughts W.E.B. Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, to Alfred Du Bois and Mary Silvina Burghar dt Du Bois (Alridge, 2008). Great Barrington, where W.E.B. Du Bois grew up, was a predominantly Anglo-American settlement. His maternal family was part of the relatively very small black population in Great Barrington while his father, who was of a mixed race – French Huguenot and African – was from Haiti (Wolters, 2003). Before W.E.B. Du Bois was two years old, his father deserted the family. While still young, Du Bois’ mother suffered stroke that rendered her incapable of working. Thus, the family relied on charity from family members and the income from W.E.B. Du Bois after-school work. The predominantly white population of Great Barrington notwithstanding, Du Bois never felt separated while at school (Du Bois, 1903). In fact, some neighborhood whites rented Du Bois and his mother a house in Great Barrington (Du Bois, 1903). However, a certain experience during a game of â€Å"calling cards† when a white girl refused to accept his card on the basis of his skin color, led him to the realization that racism is ingrained in the thinking and life of some people in the American society (Du Bois, 1903). As a young boy working to support his incapacitated mother and himself, he realized early in life that education holds the key to the door of economic and social emancipation and betterment of not only his family but that of other African-Americans. His successes in his academic pursuit confirmed his belief and also equipped him in his quest for the empowerment of African Americans. Encouraged by his teachers, who recognized his intellectual potentials, he majored in classical courses in high school (Du Bois, 1903). He attended Fisk University, Harvard University and University of Berlin. His study stay at Berlin led to his intellectual maturation as he was opportune to study under German prominent social scientists. He also travelled extensively throughout Europe during his study at Berlin. These experiences and relationships nourished and shaped W.E.B. Du